{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:03:59Z","timestamp":1779242639434,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Simultaneous, multiple infections coinfections caused by zoonotic or fecal-orally transmitted diseases are common in tropical and subtropical regions. Published data report that leptospirosis may coexist with other infections, complicating the clinical presentation and trajectory due to overlapping symptoms and leading to more severe clinical progress. Case Presentation: We describe a clinical case of a 34-year-old female diagnosed with a triple infection caused by Leptospira, Hepatitis A Virus, and Hepatitis E Virus. To our knowledge, this is the first case described in the literature in a non-endemic area without travel history to tropical or subtropical regions. The patient presented with one-week history of influenced clinical status, myalgia, headaches, nausea, high fever, bloody diarrheas, and abdominal pain. During the last two days, she also developed jaundice. Swimming in the rock pools of the island where she lives was indicated as the source of the infection. The laboratory tests revealed increased values of inflammatory markers, thrombocytopenia, and severe abnormalities of liver function. Serological and PCR tests for a wide range of pathogens proved an acute infection caused by Leptospira interogans, Hepatitis A virus, and Hepatitis E Virus. The patient received intravenous fluids and antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone for seven days leading to gradual clinical improvement and normalization of liver function tests with subsequent reduction in jaundice within 30 days. Conclusions: This case report suggests that clinical suspicion and laboratory investigation should include the probability of coinfections even in non-endemic areas based on medical history of the patients. An early diagnosis of a zoonotic disease and other infective agents of acute hepatitis are vital in order to choose the appropriate treatment option and avoid severe complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports8040225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1762178122000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Rare Case of Triple Infection with Leptospira, Hepatitis A Virus, and Hepatitis E Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd University Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Babaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd University Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Panopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, University General Hospital Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papazoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd University Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd University Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samrot, A.V., Sean, T.C., Bhavya, K.S., Sahithya, C.S., Chan-drasekaran, S., Palanisamy, R., Robinson, E.R., Subbiah, S.K., and Mok, P.L. 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