{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:16:55Z","timestamp":1779884215034,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beyond their traditional role as short-lived antimicrobial cells, neutrophils are increasingly recognized as key regulators of adaptive immunity and tumor progression. This AI-assisted integrative review investigated the neutrophil\u2013T-cell axis, particularly the role of Galectin-9 (Gal-9), across adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL), S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and psoriasis. Leveraging AI tools (GPT-5 and Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant) for literature synthesis (2000\u20132025) and expert validation, we aimed to identify common immunological mechanisms. Across all conditions, neutrophils displayed persistent activation, elevated Gal-9 expression, and modulated T-cell interactions. In ATL and SS, neutrophilia correlated with poor survival and TCR signaling dysregulation, suggesting Gal-9-mediated immune modulation. In COVID-19 and psoriasis, neutrophil-derived Gal-9-linked innate hyperactivation to T-cell exhaustion and IL-17-driven inflammation. These findings define a recurring neutrophil\u2013Gal-9 regulatory module connecting innate and adaptive immune responses. This study underscores the feasibility of combining AI-driven literature synthesis with expert review to identify unifying immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets across malignancy and inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports9010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neutrophil\u2013Galectin-9 Axis Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity in ATL, S\u00e9zary Syndrome, COVID-19, and Psoriasis: An AI-Assisted Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roken Nursing Home, Akane, Kurashiki 712-8057, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka 420-0881, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20242402","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20242402","article-title":"Heart of the matter: Neutrophils, cancer, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"222","author":"Ambreen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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