{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:57:27Z","timestamp":1781593047125,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis (TMS) represents a rare and diagnostically challenging form of demyelinating disease characterized by large space-occupying lesions that can closely mimic intracranial neoplasms, abscesses, and other inflammatory or vascular conditions. Case Presentation: The case highlights the overlapping radiologic features that frequently lead to diagnostic uncertainty and underscores the importance of careful interpretation of multimodal imaging and ancillary studies. Overall a comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation is essential to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and avoid unnecessary invasive interventions. Conclusions: This review summarizes current evidence regarding the diagnostic approach, imaging characteristics, and therapeutic strategies for tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Additionally, we present a clinical case that illustrates the diagnostic complexity of this entity, in which neuroimaging findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis supported a demyelinating rather than neoplastic process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reports9020188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1781588788000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis Mimicking a High-Grade Glioma: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Fernandez-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Department, Latinoamerica Valerio Foundation, Weston, FL 33332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Rafael","family":"Moscote-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Department, Latinoamerica Valerio Foundation, Weston, FL 33332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus Francisco","family":"Saltaren Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Department, Latinoamerica Valerio Foundation, Weston, FL 33332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4689-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo de Jesus","family":"Aguirre Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Department, Latinoamerica Valerio Foundation, Weston, FL 33332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Calderon Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitari de Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Valerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology Department, Latinoamerica Valerio Foundation, Weston, FL 33332, USA"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Oncology, Neurosurgery Oncology Center of Excellence, Miami Neuroscience Center, Larkin Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33143, USA"},{"name":"Neurological Surgery, Palmetto General Hospital, Healthcare Systems of America, Hialeah, FL 33016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i6.525","article-title":"Variant of multiple sclerosis with dementia and tumefactive demyelinating brain lesions","volume":"3","author":"Hamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. 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