{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:43:50Z","timestamp":1760237030134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41864001, U1831132, 41773063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41864001, U1831132, 41773063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chang\u2019E-5 will be China\u2019s first sample\u2212return mission. The proposed landing site is at the late-Eratosthenian-aged R\u00fcmker region of the lunar nearside. During this mission, a driller will be sunk into the lunar regolith to collect samples from depths up to two meters. This mission provides an ideal opportunity to investigate the lunar regolith temperature variation, which is important to the drilling program. This study focuses on the temperature variation of lunar regolith, especially the subsurface temperature. Such temperature information is crucial to both the engineering needs of the drilling program and interpretation of future heat-flow measurements at the lunar landing site. Based on the real-time illumination, and particularly the terrain obscuration, a one-dimensional heat equation was applied to estimate the temperature variation over the whole landing region. Our results confirm that while solar illumination strongly affects the surface temperature, such effect becomes weak at increasing depths. The skin depth of diurnal temperature variations is restricted to the uppermost ~5 cm, and the temperature of regolith deeper than ~0.6 m is controlled by the interior heat flow. At such a depth, China\u2019s future lunar exploration is adequate to measure the inner heat flow, considering the drilling depth will be close to 2 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T03:33:43Z","timestamp":1582515223000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lunar Regolith Temperature Variation in the R\u00fcmker Region Based on the Real-Time Illumination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005247","article-title":"The Mons R\u00fcmker volcanic complex of the Moon: A candidate landing site for the Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005595","article-title":"Geology and Scientific Significance of the R\u00fcmker Region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum: China\u2019s Chang\u2019E-5 Landing Region","volume":"123","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chisenga, C., Yan, J., Zhao, J., Atekwana, E.A., and Steffen, R. (2020). Density Structure of the R\u00fcmker Region in the Northern Oceanus Procellarum: Implications for Lunar Volcanism and Landing Site Selection for the Chang\u2019E-5 Mission. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE005978"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.03.032","article-title":"Lunar regolith thickness deduced from concentric craters in the CE-5 landing area","volume":"329","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2016.11.035","article-title":"Drilling forces model for lunar regolith exploration and experimental validation","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.10.043","article-title":"Investigating the soil removal characteristics of flexible tube coring method for lunar exploration","volume":"61","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Langseth, M.G., Keihm, S.J., and Peters, K. (1976, January 15\u221219). Revised lunar heat flow values. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lunar and Planetary Science, Pergamon, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mitchell, J.K., Carrier, W.D., Costes, N.C., Houston, W.N., and Scott, R.F. (1973, January 5\u22128). Surface soil variability and stratigraphy at the Apollo 16 site. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lunar and Planetary Science, Pergamon, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187726","article-title":"Diviner lunar radiometer observations of cold traps in the Moon\u2019s south polar region","volume":"330","author":"Paige","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.02.001","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of surficial lunar regolith estimated from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Radiometer data","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.08.012","article-title":"The global surface temperatures of the Moon as measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"283","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JE003987","article-title":"Lunar equatorial surface temperatures and regolith properties from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"117","author":"Vasavada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005387","article-title":"Global Regolith Thermophysical Properties of the Moon From the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"122","author":"Hayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/356043a0","article-title":"The thermal stability of near-surface ground ice on Mars","volume":"356","author":"Paige","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1994.1105","article-title":"Microwave imaging of Mercury\u2019s thermal emission at wavelengths from 0 3 to 20.5 cm","volume":"110","author":"Mitchell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6175","article-title":"Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits","volume":"141","author":"Vasavada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197135","article-title":"Diviner Lunar Radiometer Observations of the LCROSS Impact","volume":"330","author":"Hayne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JE004164","article-title":"Thermal model for analysis of Mars infrared mapping","volume":"118","author":"Kieffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900213","article-title":"Illumination conditions at the lunar South Pole","volume":"26","author":"Bussey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035692","article-title":"Illumination conditions at the lunar polar regions by KAGUYA(SELENE) laser altimeter","volume":"35","author":"Noda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2010.10.030","article-title":"Illumination conditions of the lunar polar regions using LOLA topography","volume":"211","author":"Mazarico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.08.013","article-title":"Illumination conditions at the lunar south pole using high resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA","volume":"243","author":"Scholten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE005955","article-title":"A Model for the Thermophysical Properties of Lunar Regolith at Low Temperatures","volume":"124","author":"Siegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(95)00107-7","article-title":"Ancillary data services of NASA\u2019s Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility, Planet","volume":"44","author":"Acton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043751","article-title":"Initial observations from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.06.006","article-title":"Summary of the results from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter after seven years in lunar orbit","volume":"283","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Carrier, W.D., Olhoeft, G.R., and Mendell, W. (1991). Physical properties of the lunar surface. Lunar Sourcebook, Cambridge University Publishers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1086\/145272","article-title":"A comet model. I. The acceleration of Comet Encke","volume":"111","author":"Whipple","year":"1950","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1029\/JB075i020p04063","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of particulate basalt as a function of density in simulated lunar and Martian environments","volume":"75","author":"Fountain","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1086\/170906","article-title":"Subsurface emissions from Mercury-VLA radio observations at 2 and 6 centimeters","volume":"384","author":"Ledlow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Heat capacities of the alkali feldspars between 350 and 1000 K from differential scanning calorimetry, the thermodynamic functions of the alkali feldspars from 298.15 to 1400 K, and the reaction quartz + jadeite = analbite","volume":"66","author":"Hemingway","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90165-9","article-title":"Interpretation of the lunar microwave brightness temperature spectrum: Feasibility of orbital heat flow mapping","volume":"60","author":"Keihm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL045777","article-title":"A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance","volume":"38","author":"Kopp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(83)90046-4","article-title":"Solar geometry for fixed and tracking surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Braun","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2019.01.010","article-title":"Illumination and communication conditions at the Mons R\u00fcmker region based on the improved Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data","volume":"168","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004453","article-title":"Lunar heat flow: Regional prospective of the Apollo landing sites","volume":"119","author":"Siegler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/313121a0","article-title":"Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon","volume":"313","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB05p03453","article-title":"Megaregolith insulation, internal temperatures, and bulk uranium content of the moon","volume":"92","author":"Warren","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/4\/731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:00:08Z","timestamp":1760173208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/4\/731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12040731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12040731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]}}}