{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:05:01Z","timestamp":1792800301623,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31670702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parks are an important green infrastructure. Besides other benefits for human and animals, parks provide important bird habitats and accommodate most human-bird interactions in cities. Understanding the complex dynamics among park characteristics, bird habitats and park attractiveness to birdwatchers will inform park designers and managers. However, previous studies often examined factors influencing bird habitats and birdwatching activities separately. To fill this gap, we aim to study the whole picture of \u201cparks, birds and birdwatchers\u201d in Beijing, China for its spatial patterns and possible factors which influence bird habitat areas and birdwatching services. We conducted a three-month bird census in at 159 sites and mapped bird habitat areas in parks of Beijing through the maximum entropy method based on results of the bird survey as well as high-resolution remote sensing data. We derived the number of birdwatching records to describe birdwatching activities from the China Birdwatching Record Center website. We used correlation analysis, regression and analysis of variance to investigate factors that may influence areas of bird habitats and the number of birdwatching records for each park. Our results showed that among the 102 parks, 61 provide habitats to breeding birds with an average of 17 ha, and 26 parks generated a total of 330 birdwatching records. Park size, age, proportion of pavement, landscape connectedness, pavement largest patch index and woodland patch density explained 95% of the variation in habitat areas altogether. Bird habitat area alone explained 65% of the variation in the number of birdwatching records. Furthermore, parks with birdwatching records are significantly larger, older, closer to the city center and more accessible than those have no reported birdwatching. These findings have important implications for park management. While park size or age cannot be easily changed, modifying landscape patterns can increase bird habitats in parks, and improving accessibility may attract more birdwatchers to parks that already have considerable bird habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"3166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["How Do Urban Parks Provide Bird Habitats and Birdwatching Service? Evidence from Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5993-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Road, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganlin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Road, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.07.016","article-title":"Scaling up from gardens: Biodiversity conservation in urban environments","volume":"25","author":"Goddard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0149","article-title":"Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity","volume":"3","author":"Fuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2013.08.004","article-title":"Bird sounds and their contributions to perceived attention restoration and stress recovery","volume":"36","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-015-9979-9","article-title":"The Warden Attitude: An Investigation of the Value of Interaction with Everyday Wildlife","volume":"67","author":"Brock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-014-0392-x","article-title":"How much is that birdie in my backyard? A cross-continental economic valuation of native urban songbirds","volume":"18","author":"Clucas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2014.04.002","article-title":"Bird song diversity influences young people\u2019s appreciation of urban landscapes","volume":"13","author":"Hedblom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedblom, M., Knez, I., and Gunnarsson, B. (2017). Bird Diversity Improves the Well-Being of City Residents. Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43314-1_15"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(97)00089-3","article-title":"Distribution and habitat selection of wintering birds in urban environments","volume":"39","author":"Jokimaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"49","article-title":"Microhabitat selection and singing behavior patterns of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in urban parks in a heavily urbanized landscape in the Western US","volume":"3","author":"Poston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urban Habitats"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-006-0061-4","article-title":"Bird community patterns in response to the island features of urban woodlots in eastern China","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biol. China"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013133308987","article-title":"A habitat island approach to conserving birds in urban landscapes: Case studies from southern and northern Europe","volume":"10","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1676\/07-087.1","article-title":"Mass Changes Of Migratory Landbirds During Stopovers in A New York City Park","volume":"120","author":"Seewagen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wilson J. Ornithol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera-Cruz, S.A., Cohen, E.B., Smolinsky, J.A., and Buler, J.J. (2020). Artificial Light at Night is Related to Broad-Scale Stopover Distributions of Nocturnally Migrating Landbirds along the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030395"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/01490408509512125","article-title":"Human dimensions information in wildlife management, policy, and planning: Introductory comments to the special issue on human dimensions in wildlife management","volume":"7","author":"Kellert","year":"1985","journal-title":"Leis. Sci. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"33","article-title":"Birding blogs as indicators of birdwatcher characteristics and trip preferences: Implications for birding destination planning and development","volume":"6","author":"Vas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.03.009","article-title":"Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary uniqueness in bird communities of Beijing\u2019s urban parks: Effects of land use and vegetation structure","volume":"23","author":"Morelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-018-1068-1","article-title":"Effects of bird community dynamics on the seasonal distribution of cultural ecosystem services","volume":"48","author":"Graves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270912000378","article-title":"The rapid development of birdwatching in mainland China: A new force for bird study and conservation","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bird Conserv. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"McGarigal, K. (2015). FRAGSTATS Help. Documentation for FRAGSTATS 4, University of Massachusetts."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2003.09.001","article-title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of forest specialists in an urban-fragmented landscape (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"69","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.09.010","article-title":"The Effects of habitat area, vegetation structure and insect richness on breeding bird populations in Beijing urban parks","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29350","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29350","article-title":"Multi-scale factors influencing the characteristics of avian communities in urban parks across Beijing during the breeding season","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1778","article-title":"Functional diversity of urban bird communities: Effects of landscape composition, green space area and vegetation cover","volume":"5","author":"Schutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1703.2000.00358.x","article-title":"Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid_the role of age, size and isolation 2000","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0432-4","article-title":"Shifting concepts of urban spatial heterogeneity and their implications for sustainability","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.07.006","article-title":"Using bird\u2013habitat relationships to inform urban planning","volume":"98","author":"Stagoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-017-0548-1","article-title":"A bird\u2019s eye view: Using circuit theory to study urban landscape connectivity for birds","volume":"32","author":"Grafius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.05.009","article-title":"The influence of building density on Neotropical bird communities found in small urban parks","volume":"190","author":"Hostetler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103643","article-title":"Impervious surface and heterogeneity are opposite drivers to maintain bird richness in a Cerrado city","volume":"192","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzluff, J.M., Bowman, R., and Donnelly, R. (2001). Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1531-9"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-012-0839-x","article-title":"How would size, age, human disturbance, and vegetation structure affect bird communities of urban parks in different seasons?","volume":"153","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12-00126.1","article-title":"Green infrastructure and bird diversity across an urban socioeconomic gradient","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01527","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01527","article-title":"Dynamic species distribution models reveal spatiotemporal habitat shifts in native range-expanding versus non-native invasive birds in an urban area","volume":"49","author":"Clergeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12055","article-title":"How should we grow cities to minimize their biodiversity impacts?","volume":"19","author":"Sushinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.02.018","article-title":"The value of species rarity in biodiversity recreation: A birdwatching example","volume":"144","author":"Booth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.02.018","article-title":"Reconciling community ecology and ecosystem services: Cultural services and benefits from birds in South African National Parks","volume":"28","author":"Cumming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, W., and Dou, Y. (2020). Investigating the Patterns and Dynamics of Urban Green Space in China\u2019s 70 Major Cities Using Satellite Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121929"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, F., Smith, C., and Cavan, G. (2018). A Combined Approach to Classifying Land Surface Cover of Urban Domestic Gardens Using Citizen Science Data and High Resolution Image Analysis. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040537"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.61","article-title":"Impact of satellite imagery spatial resolution on land use classification accuracy and modeled water quality","volume":"4","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobrino, J.A., and Irakulis, I. (2020). A Methodology for Comparing the Surface Urban Heat Island in Selected Urban Agglomerations Around the World from Sentinel-3 SLSTR Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122052"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.003","article-title":"Detecting geothermal anomalies and evaluating LST geothermal component by combining thermal remote sensing time series and land surface model data","volume":"204","author":"Romaguera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Gao, W., and Peng, W. (2020). Downscale MODIS Land Surface Temperature Based on Three Different Models to Analyze Surface Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Hangzhou. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132134"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.066","article-title":"Assessing the potential of parametric models to correct directional effects on local to global remotely sensed LST","volume":"209","author":"Ermida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.07.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS collections 5 and 6 for change analysis of vegetation and land surface temperature dynamics in North and South America","volume":"156","author":"Heck","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.001","article-title":"Assessing landscape connectivity for large mammals in the Caucasus using Landsat 8 seasonal image composites","volume":"193","author":"Bleyhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, R., Heim, A., Heim, W., Kamp, J., and Vohland, M. (2019). Combining Multiband Remote Sensing and Hierarchical Distance Sampling to Establish Drivers of Bird Abundance. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010038"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, D., Fraedrich, K., Guan, Y., Guo, S., Zhang, C., Carvalho, L.M.V., and Zhu, X. (2019). Causality of Biodiversity Loss: Climate, Vegetation, and Urbanization in China and America. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204499"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.05.001","article-title":"Topographic and spectral data resolve land cover misclassification to distinguish and monitor wetlands in western Uganda","volume":"94","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielewska-B\u00fcttner, K., Heurich, M., M\u00fcller, J., and Braunisch, V. (2018). Remotely Sensed Single Tree Data Enable the Determination of Habitat Thresholds for the Three-Toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121972"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonthoux, S., Lef\u00e8vre, S., Herrault, P.-A., and Sheeren, D. (2018). Spatial and Temporal Dependency of NDVI Satellite Imagery in Predicting Bird Diversity over France. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071136"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.70","article-title":"Linking animal movement and remote sensing-mapping resource suitability from a remote sensing perspective","volume":"4","author":"Remelgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicaksono, P., Aryaguna, P.A., and Lazuardi, W. (2019). Benthic Habitat Mapping Model and Cross Validation Using Machine-Learning Classification Algorithms. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111279"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.59","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of ecosystem functions: Opportunities, challenges and way forward","volume":"4","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilant, A., Endres, K., Rosenbaum, D., and Gundersen, G. (2020). US EPA EnviroAtlas Meter-Scale Urban Land Cover (MULC): 1-m Pixel Land Cover Class Definitions and Guidance. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121909"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, K.M., Soehren, E.C., Woodrey, M.S., and Rush, S.A. (2020). Habitat-Suitability Model for the Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) in the Northern Gulf Coast of Alabama and Mississippi, USA. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050848"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2013.07872.x","article-title":"A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species\u2019 distributions: What it does, and why inputs and settings matter","volume":"36","author":"Merow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12170","article-title":"Invasion ratcheting in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the ability of native and invaded ranges to predict its global distribution","volume":"40","author":"Gallardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030519","article-title":"Mapping Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix): A Comparison of Single-Scene and Time-Series Analyses of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"1","author":"Evangelista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Liu, H., Gong, H., Lin, Z., and Lv, S. (2017). Appling the One-Class Classification Method of Maxent to Detect an Invasive Plant Spartina alterniflora with Time-Series Analysis. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111120"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0195-3","article-title":"Quantifying spatiotemporal pattern of urban greenspace: New insights from high resolution data","volume":"30","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bureau of Statistics of Beijing (2015, May 22). Changes and Characteristics of Beijing\u2019s Population Development in 2014, Available online: http:\/\/tjj.beijing.gov.cn\/zxfbu\/202002\/t20200216_1636952.html."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Beijing Municipal Administration Center of the Parks (2016, December 01). The Report of Beijing Municipal Administration Center on the 2010 Work Summary and the 2011 Work Plan, Available online: http:\/\/report.bjmacp.gov.cn\/xxgkxx.ASPX?newsid=112677."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Beijing Gardening and Greening Bureau (2018, January 01). The Urban Parks of Beijing, Available online: http:\/\/yllhj.beijing.gov.cn\/ggfw\/gyfjqyl\/cs\/."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Culture and Tourism (2018, December 01). Statistical Table of Maximum Carrying Capacity of A-Level Tourist Scenic in Beijing, Available online: http:\/\/whlyj.beijing.gov.cn\/zwgk\/tzgg\/201809\/P020200407399785305222.doc."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2018, March 23). The Report of Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks on the 2017 Work Summary and the 2018 Work Plan, Available online: http:\/\/gygl.beijing.gov.cn\/xxgk\/xxgk_ghjh\/201912\/t20191218_1269293.html."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Bird Watch China Society (2014). The Checklist of Birds of Beijing (2014 Edition), Bird Watch China Society."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"IUCN (2015, November 09). IUCN Endangered Species Redlist. Available online: http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"63","article-title":"Present status and development of birdwatching in mainland China","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270917000557","article-title":"The emergence of birdwatching in China: History, demographics, activities, motivations, and environmental concerns of Chinese birdwatchers","volume":"28","author":"Walther","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bird Conserv. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Bird Watch China Society (2018, June 30). The Topic of Birdwatching in Urban Green Island. Available online: http:\/\/bbs.cbw.org.cn\/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=26."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Friends of Nature Wild Bird Society (2016, October 15). Bird Survey 20 Years: Friends of Nature Wild Bird Society Publish Bird Survey Results at Beijing. Available online: http:\/\/www.sohu.com\/a\/116242097_403458."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/00063658409476841","article-title":"Estimating numbers of birds by point counts: How long should counts last?","volume":"31","author":"Fuller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bird Study"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, X., Huang, G., and Wu, J. (2018). Contrary to common observations in the west, urban park access is only weakly related to neighborhood socioeconomic conditions in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10041115"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). China Birdwatching Record Center. Available online: http:\/\/www.szbird.org.cn\/birdtalker.net\/index.asp."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Cai, Q. (1988). Birds of Beijing, Beijing Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.J. (2001). The Hand Book of Birds of China, Jilin Science and Technology Press House."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2307\/2528823","article-title":"A General Coefficient of Similarity and Some of Its Properties","volume":"4","author":"Gower","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, N.G. (2014). Functional And Phylogenetic Ecology in R, Springer Science+Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9542-0"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2007.00340.x","article-title":"Predicting species distributions from museum and herbarium records using multiresponse models fitted with multivariate adaptive regression splines","volume":"13","author":"Elith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.1.9","article-title":"Biodiversity and the Feel-Good Factor: Understanding Associations between Self-Reported Human Well-being and Species Richness","volume":"62","author":"Dallimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2009.09.002","article-title":"Influences on the use of urban green space\u2014A case study in Odense, Denmark","volume":"9","author":"Schipperijn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrasco, L., Giam, X., Pape\u015f, M., and Sheldon, K. (2019). Metrics of Lidar-Derived 3D Vegetation Structure Reveal Contrasting Effects of Horizontal and Vertical Forest Heterogeneity on Bird Species Richness. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070743"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:08Z","timestamp":1760177648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]}}}