{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:55:07Z","timestamp":1764784507016,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03G0869A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03G0869A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The storage cavern field at Epe has been brined out of a salt deposit belonging to the lower Rhine salt flat, which extends under the surface of the North German lowlands and part of the Netherlands. Cavern convergence and operational pressure changes cause surface displacements that have been studied for this work with the help of SAR interferometry (InSAR) using distributed and persistent scatterers. Vertical and East-West movements have been determined based on Sentinel-1 data from ascending and descending orbit. Simple geophysical modeling is used to support InSAR processing and helps to interpret the observations. In particular, an approach is presented that allows to relate the deposit pressures with the observed surface displacements. Seasonal movements occurring over a fen situated over the western part of the storage site further complicate the analysis. Findings are validated with ground truth from levelling and groundwater level measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"3348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Complex Surface Displacements above the Storage Cavern Field at Epe, NW-Germany, Observed by Multi-Temporal SAR-Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Even","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodetic Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Westerhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodetic Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezirksregierung K\u00f6ln, 50606 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O37","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2978164","article-title":"Estimating permeability from quasi-static deformation: Temporal variations and arrival-time inversion","volume":"73","author":"Vasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"WA113","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2981184","article-title":"Reservoir monitoring and characterization using satellite geodetic data: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations from the Krechba field, Algeria","volume":"73","author":"Vasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041544","article-title":"Satellite-based measurements of surface deformation reveal fluid flow associated with the geological storage of carbon dioxide","volume":"37","author":"Vasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. 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