{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:40:10Z","timestamp":1760229610173,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171140","CAFYBB2020ZD002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171140","CAFYBB2020ZD002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of CAF","award":["42171140","CAFYBB2020ZD002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171140","CAFYBB2020ZD002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest dynamics, including forest loss and gain, are long-term complex ecological processes affected by nature and human activities. It is particularly important to understand the long-term forest dynamics of protected areas to evaluate their conservation efforts. This study adopted the Landsat tree-canopy cover (TCC) method to derive annual TCC data for the period 1984\u20132020 for the protected areas of northeast China, where protection policies have been carried out since the end of the 20th century, e.g., the Natural Forest Conversion Program (NFCP). A strong correlation was found between the TCC estimates derived from Landsat and LiDAR observations, suggesting the high accuracy of TCC. Forest loss and gain events were also identified from the time series of TCC estimates. High correlations were reported for both forest loss (Producer\u2019s accuracy = 85.21%; User\u2019s accuracy = 84.26%) and gain (Producer\u2019s accuracy = 87.74%; User\u2019s accuracy = 88.31%), suggesting that the approach can be used for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the NFCP and other forest conservation efforts. The results revealed a fluctuating upward trend of the TCC of the protected area from 1986 to 2018. The increased area of TCC was much larger than the decreased area, accounting for 59.68% and 40.34%, respectively, suggesting the effectiveness of protection policies. Since the NFCP was officially implemented in 1998, deforestation was effectively curbed, the area of forest loss was significantly reduced (slope: \u221214.24%\/year), and the area of forest gain significantly increased (slope: 4.13%\/year). We found that regional forest changes were mainly manifested in \u201cforest gain after loss (forest recovery)\u201d and \u201cforest gain with no loss (forest newborn)\u201d, accounting for 40.29% and 37.28% of the total area of forest change, respectively. Moreover, the forest gain area far exceeds the forest loss area, reaching 11.24 million hectares, suggesting a successful forest recovery due to forest protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14132988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"2988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of Long-Term Forest Dynamics in Protected Areas of Northeast China Using Landsat Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianbang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7456-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resources Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resources Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2020). 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