{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:03:04Z","timestamp":1780084984283,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emilia-Romagna region"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates vertical soil movement, a subsidence phenomenon affecting infrastructure and communities in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). Building upon previous research\u2014initially based on leveling and GNSS observations and later expanded with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)\u2014this study focuses on recent data from 2016 to 2021. A key innovation is the use of dual-geometry ascending and descending acquisitions to derive the vertical and the east\u2013west movement components, a technique not previously applied at a regional scale in this area. The integration of advanced geodetic techniques involved processing 1208 Sentinel-1 satellite images with the SqueeSAR\u00ae algorithm and analyzing data from 28 GNSS permanent stations using the precise point positioning (PPP) methodology. By calibrating the InSAR data with GNSS measurements, we generated a comprehensive subsidence map for the study period, identifying trends and anomalies. The analysis produced 13.5 million measurement points, calibrated and validated using multiple GNSS stations. The final dataset, processed through geostatistical methods, provided a high-resolution (100-m) regional subsidence map covering nearly 11,000 square kilometers. Finally, the vertical soil movement map for 2016\u20132021 was developed, featuring isokinetic curves with an interval of 2.5 mm\/year. The results underscore the value of integrating these geodetic techniques for effective environmental monitoring in subsidence-prone areas. Furthermore, comparisons with previous subsidence maps reveal the evolution of soil movement in Emilia-Romagna, reinforcing the importance of these maps as essential tools for precise subsidence monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17060947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T09:38:46Z","timestamp":1741340326000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Subsidence Monitoring in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) from 2016 to 2021: From InSAR and GNSS Integration to Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6118-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Bitelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering\u2014DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7802-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tre-Altamira, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 79, 20143 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Giannico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tre-Altamira, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 79, 20143 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3249-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Giorgini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering\u2014DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National PhD in Earth Observation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lambertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering\u2014DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Marcaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente (ARPAE) dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna, Direzione Tecnica, 40122 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente (ARPAE) dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna, Direzione Tecnica, 40122 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Vittuari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering\u2014DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/08-022","article-title":"Finite-Element Simulation of Land Subsidence Induced by Water Pumping in Kalochori Village, Greece","volume":"42","author":"Loupasakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-011-0775-5","article-title":"Review: Regional Land Subsidence Accompanying Groundwater Extraction","volume":"19","author":"Galloway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8549","article-title":"Mapping the Global Threat of Land Subsidence","volume":"371","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn3676","article-title":"The Many Faces of Anthropogenic Subsidence","volume":"376","author":"Candela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzampoglou, P., Ilia, I., Karalis, K., Tsangaratos, P., Zhao, X., and Chen, W. (2023). Selected Worldwide Cases of Land Subsidence Due to Groundwater Withdrawal. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061094"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146193","article-title":"Land Subsidence: A Global Challenge","volume":"778","author":"Hosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgad426","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad426","article-title":"Slowly but Surely: Exposure of Communities and Infrastructure to Subsidence on the US East Coast","volume":"3","author":"Ohenhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023RG000817","DOI":"10.1029\/2023RG000817","article-title":"Global Land Subsidence: Impact of Climate Extremes and Human Activities","volume":"62","author":"Huning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, J., and Jing, Z. (2023). Land Subsidence Monitoring and Building Risk Assessment Using InSAR and Machine Learning in a Loess Plateau City\u2014A Case Study of Lanzhou, China. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112851"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2024.106058","article-title":"Advanced Risk Assessment Framework for Land Subsidence Impacts on Transmission Towers in Salt Lake Region","volume":"177","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2024.2360701","article-title":"Urban Land Subsidence Monitoring and Risk Assessment Using the Point Target Based SBAS-InSAR Method: A Case Study of Changsha City","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"45","article-title":"Detection and Measurement of Land Subsidence and Uplift Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, San Diego, California, USA, 2016\u20132018","volume":"382","author":"Brandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113266","article-title":"Remote Rensing of Land Change: A MUltifaceted Perspective","volume":"282","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, Z., Khosravi, A., Maghsoudi, Y., Mojtahedi, F.F., Javadnia, E., and Nazari, A. (2022). Use of InSAR Data for Measuring Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Withdrawal and Climate Change in Ardabil Plain, Iran. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17438-y"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"379","article-title":"Subsidence Monitoring Network: An Italian Example Aimed at a Sustainable Hydrocarbon E&P Activity","volume":"372","author":"Dacome","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1215-9","article-title":"A Century of Land Subsidence in Ravenna, Italy","volume":"47","author":"Teatini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900345","article-title":"Nature of the Recent Vertical Ground Movements Inferred from High-Precision Leveling Data in an Intraplate Setting: NE Ardenne, Belgium","volume":"105","author":"Demoulin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gleason, S. (2009). GNSS Applications and Methods, Artech House. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Petropoulos, G.P., and Srivastava, P.K. (2021). GPS and GNSS Technology in Geosciences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447543","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2024.2447543","article-title":"Land Subsidence Monitoring and Analysis in Qingdao, China Using Time Series InSAR Combining PS and DS","volume":"16","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2023.107343","article-title":"Monitoring land subsidence Induced by Tectonic Activity and Groundwater Extraction in the Eastern Gediz River Basin (T\u00fcrkiye) Using Sentinel-1 Observations","volume":"327","author":"Bru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17439-1_1","article-title":"15 years of the Italian GNSS Geodetic Reference Frame (RDN): Preliminary analysis and considerations","volume":"Volume 1651","author":"Zamperlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomatics for Green and Digital Transition"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parizzi, A., Rodriguez Gonzalez, F., and Brcic, R. (2020). A Covariance-Based Approach to Merging InSAR and GNSS Displacement Rate Measurements. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020300"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, A., Fumagalli, A., Passera, E., and Rucci, A. (2022, January 17\u201322). Insar Data Calibration in Wide Area Processing. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2022\u20142022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9884822"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024GL108440","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL108440","article-title":"An InSAR-GNSS Velocity Field for Iran","volume":"51","author":"Watson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012737","article-title":"Geodetic Observations of Postseismic Creep in the Decade After the 1999 Izmit Earthquake, Turkey: Implications for a Shallow Slip Deficit","volume":"121","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087376","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087376","article-title":"High-Resolution Surface Velocities and Strain for Anatolia From Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS Data","volume":"47","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2022.104239","article-title":"Review of Satellite Radar Interferometry for Subsidence Analysis","volume":"235","author":"Raspini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabris, M., Battaglia, M., Chen, X., Menin, A., Monego, M., and Floris, M. (2022). An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy). Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215578"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.07.017","article-title":"Analysis of Surface Deformations Over the Whole Italian Territory by Interferometric Processing of ERS, Envisat and COSMO-SkyMed radar data","volume":"202","author":"Costantini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgini, E., Orellana, F., Arratia, C., Tavasci, L., Montalva, G., Moreno, M., and Gandolfi, S. (2023). InSAR Monitoring Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Techniques for Ground Deformation Measurement in Metropolitan Area of Concepci\u00f3n, Chile. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245700"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Wu, Q., Sun, Z., Shi, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., and Wu, Y. (2024). Semi-Automatic Detection of Ground Displacement from Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry Analysis and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise in Xining City, China. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163066"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-4261-2023","article-title":"Subsurface Geological and Geophysical Data from the Po Plain and the Northern Adriatic Sea (north Italy)","volume":"15","author":"Livani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"527","article-title":"Soil Uplift in the Emilia-Romagna Plain (Italy) by Satellite Radar Interferometry","volume":"62","author":"Severi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Geophys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1119","article-title":"The Subduction Structure of the Northern Apennines: Results from the RETREAT Seismic Deployment","volume":"49","author":"Margheriti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M41","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(79)90130-0","article-title":"Late Pleistocene and Holocene Evolution of the North Adriatic Continental Shelf (Italy)","volume":"33","author":"Colantoni","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(00)00286-9","article-title":"Belt Bending Driven by Lateral Bending of Subducting Lithospheric Slab: Geophysical Evidences from the Northern Apennines (Italy)","volume":"337","author":"Lucente","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03116","article-title":"Tectonics of the Umbria-Marche-Romagna Arc (central northern Apennines, Italy): New paleomagnetic constraints","volume":"102","author":"Speranza","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20307","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900147","article-title":"Tomographic Constraints on the Geodynamic Evolution of the Italian Region","volume":"104","author":"Lucente","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-023-03517-5","article-title":"Long-Term Spatiotemporal Evolution of Land SUubsidence in the Urban Area of Bologna, Italy","volume":"83","author":"Zuccarini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"187","article-title":"Geometric Investigation of the Subsidence in the Po Delta","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Caputo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7361(06)80048-8","article-title":"Chapter 1 Introduction to compaction\/subsidence\u2014Introduction to tectonics and sedimentation","volume":"Volume 41","author":"Donaldson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Developments in Petroleum Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eid, C., Benetatos, C., and Rocca, V. (2022). Fluid Production Dataset for the Assessment of the Anthropogenic Subsidence in the Po Plain Area (Northern Italy). Resources, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources11060053"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00006.x","article-title":"Interaction between Climate Changes, Eustacy and Land Subsidence in the North Adriatic Region, Italy","volume":"23","author":"Carbognin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambolati, G. (1998). Cenas Coastline Evolution of the Upper Adriatic Sea Due to Sea Level Rise and Natural and Anthropogenic Land Subsidence, Springer. Number v.28 in Water Science and Technology Library.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5147-4_1"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"315","article-title":"Evolution of the Techniques for Subsidence Monitoring at Regional Scale: The Case of Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)","volume":"372","author":"Bitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(99)00071-X","article-title":"Levelling and GPS Networks to Monitor Ground Subsidence in the Southern Po Valley","volume":"30","author":"Bitelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"39","article-title":"Updating the Subsidence Map of Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) by Integration of SAR Interferometry and GNSS Time Series: The 2011\u20132016 Period","volume":"382","author":"Bitelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panetti, A., Rostan, F., L\u2019Abbate, M., Bruno, C., Bauleo, A., Catalano, T., Cotogni, M., Galvagni, L., Pietropaolo, A., and Taini, G. (2014, January 13\u201318). Copernicus Sentinel-1 Satellite and C-SAR instrument. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946712"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873853","article-title":"TOPSAR: Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans","volume":"44","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potin, P., Rosich, B., Miranda, N., Grimont, P., Shurmer, I., O\u2019Connell, A., Krassenburg, M., and Gratadour, J.B. (August, January 28). Copernicus Sentinel-1 Constellation Mission Operations Status. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898949"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhrmann, T., and Garthwaite, M.C. (2019). Resolving Three-Dimensional Surface Motion with InSAR: Constraints from Multi-Geometry Data Fusion. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030241"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandin, R. (2015). Interferometric Processing of SLC Sentinel-1 TOPS Data. Proceedings of the Fringe 2015: Advances in the Science and Applications of SAR Interferometry and Sentinel-1 InSAR Workshop, Frascati, Italy, 23\u201327 March 2015, European Space Agency.","DOI":"10.5270\/Fringe2015.pp116"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2124465","article-title":"A New Algorithm for Processing Interferometric Data-Stacks: SqueeSAR","volume":"49","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2004.1311138","article-title":"Model-order selection","volume":"21","author":"Stoica","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise Point Positioning for the Efficient and Robust Analysis of GPS Data from Large N etworks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-015-0459-z","article-title":"Improved PPP Performance in Regional Networks","volume":"20","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ETG 9-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000570","article-title":"Effect of Annual Signals on Geodetic Velocity","volume":"107","author":"Blewitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2831098","article-title":"Precision of PPP as a Function of the Observing-Session Duration","volume":"54","author":"Barbarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005JB003629","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003629","article-title":"Troposphere Mapping Functions for GPS and Very Long Baseline Interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Operational Analysis Data","volume":"111","author":"Boehm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Altamimi, Z. (2024). EUREF Technical Note 1: Relationship and Transformation Between the International and the European Terrestrial Reference Systems, Institut National de l\u2019Information G\u00e9ographique et Foresti\u00e8re (IGN). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"31","article-title":"Nationwide Deformation Monitoring with SqueeSAR\u00ae using Sentinel-1 Data","volume":"382","author":"Bischoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-003-0068-0","article-title":"MATLAB Tools for viewing GPS velocities and time series","volume":"7","author":"Herring","year":"2003","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.894440","article-title":"Submillimeter Accuracy of InSAR Time Series: Experimental Validation","volume":"45","author":"Ferretti","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.023","article-title":"Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain\u2014Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR","volume":"110","author":"Stramondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Marcaccio, M.M.M. (2023). Monitoraggio dei Movimenti Verticali del Suolo e Aggiornamento Della Cartografia di Subsidenza Nella Pianura dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna. Periodo 2016\u20132021, Regione Emilia\u2013Romagna, Arpae Emilia-Romagna. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bissoli, R.P.I. (2018). Rilievo Della Subsidenza Nella Pianura Emiliano\u2013Romagnola. Relazione Finale, Seconda Fase, Regione Emilia\u2013Romagna, Arpa Emilia-Romagna. Technical Report."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/17\/6\/947\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1760028537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/17\/6\/947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs17060947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs17060947","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]}}}