{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:26:39Z","timestamp":1793384799460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the use of the Green-Red Vegetation Index (GRVI) as a phenological indicator based on multiyear stand-level observations of spectral reflectance and phenology at several representative ecosystems in Japan. The results showed the relationships between GRVI values and the seasonal change of vegetation and ground surface with high temporal resolution. We found that GRVI has the following advantages as a phenological indicator: (1) \u201cGRVI = 0\u201d can be a site-independent single threshold fordetection of the early phase of leaf green-up and the middle phase of autumn coloring, and (2) GRVI can show a distinct response to subtle disturbance and the difference of ecosystem types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2102369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T10:51:19Z","timestamp":1287139879000},"page":"2369-2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":522,"title":["Applicability of Green-Red Vegetation Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Phenology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Motohka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenlo Nishida","family":"Nasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Oguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003","article-title":"Shifting plant phenology in response to global change","volume":"22","author":"Cleland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","article-title":"Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991","volume":"386","author":"Myneni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-001-0109-8","article-title":"Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999","volume":"45","author":"Tucker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001618149","article-title":"European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20 year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset","volume":"25","author":"Vidale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.012","article-title":"Remote sensing of spring phenology in boreal regions: A free of snow-effect method using NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT-VGT data (1982-2004)","volume":"101","author":"Delbart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00828","article-title":"Growing-season trends in fennoscandia 1982\u20132006, determined from satellite and phenology data","volume":"39","author":"Karlsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1029\/97GB00330","article-title":"A continental phenology model for monitoring vegetation responses to interannual climatic variability","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.00362.x","article-title":"A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data","volume":"6","author":"Botta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01479.x","article-title":"Comparison of phenology trends by land cover class: A case study in the Great Basin, USA","volume":"14","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.011","article-title":"Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change","volume":"20","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.09.010","article-title":"Field experiments to test the use of the normalized difference vegetation index for phenology detection","volume":"150","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.06.013","article-title":"Characterizing and mapping forest fire fuels using ASTER imagery and gradient modeling","volume":"217","author":"Falkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.11.007","article-title":"The ASTER spectral library version 2.0","volume":"113","author":"Baldridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.012","article-title":"Assessment of QuickBird high spatial resolution imagery to detect red attack damage due to mountain pine beetle infestation","volume":"103","author":"Coops","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"9","article-title":"Phenological Eyes Network (PEN)\u2014A validation network for remote sensing of the terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"21","author":"Nishida","year":"2007","journal-title":"AsiaFlux Newslett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.02.011","article-title":"Vertical integration of leaf area index in a Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest","volume":"148","author":"Nasahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seasonal change of grassland vegetation found in the preliminary GLI experiment in the Environmental Research Center","volume":"1","author":"Nishida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Terrestrial Environ. Res. Center, Univ. Tsukuba"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.10.007","article-title":"Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange in rice paddy field in Japan","volume":"135","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802549369","article-title":"Evaluation of optical satellite remote sensing for rice paddy phenology in monsoon Asia using continuous in-situ dataset","volume":"30","author":"Motohka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-009-0663-9","article-title":"What makes the satellite-based EVI-GPP relationship unclear in a deciduous broad-leaved forest?","volume":"25","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.007","article-title":"Assessing the potential of SeaWiFS and MODIS for estimating chlorophyll concentration in turbid productive waters using red and near-infrared bands","volume":"96","author":"Gitelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<1154:GSAOVP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA\/AVHRR satellite measurements","volume":"10","author":"Moulin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699211499","article-title":"Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","volume":"20","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-003-0164-4","article-title":"West-east contrast of phenology and climate in northern Asia revealed using a remotely sensed vegetation index","volume":"47","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.011","article-title":"Determination of phenological dates in boreal regions using Normalised Difference Water Index","volume":"97","author":"Delbart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/10\/2369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:35Z","timestamp":1760220215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/10\/2369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2102369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2102369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]}}}