{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T10:42:55Z","timestamp":1792924975842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a vector tracking loop (VTL) algorithm for an asynchronous pseudolite navigation system. It was implemented in a software receiver and experiments in an indoor navigation system were conducted. Test results show that the VTL successfully tracks signals against the near\u2013far problem, one of the major limitations in pseudolite navigation systems, and could improve positioning availability by extending pseudolite navigation coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T10:55:37Z","timestamp":1277463337000},"page":"6324-6346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Implementation of a Vector-based Tracking Loop Receiver in a Pseudolite Navigation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hyoungmin","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and SNU-IAMD, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taikjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and SNU-IAMD, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and SNU-IAMD, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and SNU-IAMD, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changdon","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and SNU-IAMD, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taehee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Control & Navigation Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 138 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanguk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Control & Navigation Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 138 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson, B, and Spilker, J (1996). Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, AIAA.","DOI":"10.2514\/4.866395"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kanli, OM (2004, January 6\u20138). Limitations of Pseudolite Systems Using Off-The-Shelf GPS Receivers. Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lee, T (, January September). Robust GPS Receiver for Indoor Navigation System by Utilizing Long Integration Time and Data-less Pseudolite. Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"135","article-title":"The Use of Pseudo-satellites for Improving GPS Performance. In Global Positioning System: Papers Published in NAVIGATION","volume":"3","author":"Klein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Inst. Navigation"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"329","article-title":"Optimal Processing of GPS Sensors. In Global Positioning System: Papers Published in NAVIGATION","volume":"2","author":"Copps","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Inst. Navigation"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sennott, J, and Senffner, D (, January September). The Use of Satellite Constellation Geometry and A Priori Motion Constraints for Prevention of Cycle Slips in a GPS Signal Processor. Albuquerque, NM, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Spilker, JJ (1995). Vector Delay Lock Loop Processing of Radiolocation Transmitter Signals, U.S. Patent 5398034."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Benson, D (, January April). Interference Benefits of a Vector Delay Lock Loop (VDLL) GPS Receiver. Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kaplan, ED (2005). Understanding GPS : Principles and Applications, Artech House. [2ed]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lashely, M, and Bevly, DM (, January January). Analysis of Discriminator Based Vector Tracking Algorithms. San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Pany, T, and Eissfeller, B (, January April). 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A New Three Dimensional Signal Search and Acquisiton Algorithm Based on Cross-correlation Sequence with 0.1 Seconds\u2019 Signal Receiving Time. Fort Worth, TX, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:47Z","timestamp":1760220167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s100706324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100706324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]}}}