{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1791200033635,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in spectral deconvolution technologies are rapidly enabling researchers to replace or enhance traditional epifluorescence microscopes with instruments capable of detecting numerous markers simultaneously in a multiplexed fashion. While significantly expediting sample throughput and elucidating sample information, this technology is limited by the spectral width of common fluorescence reporters. Semiconductor nanocrystals (NC\u2019s) are very bright, narrow band fluorescence emitters with great potential for multiplexed fluorescence detection, however the availability of NC\u2019s with facile attachment chemistries to targeting molecules has been a severe limitation to the advancement of NC technology in applications such as immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Here we report the development of simple, yet novel attachment chemistries for antibodies onto NC\u2019s and demonstrate how spectral deconvolution technology enables the multiplexed detection of 5 distinct NC-antibody conjugates with fluorescence emission wavelengths separated by as little as 20 nm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T11:36:28Z","timestamp":1320665788000},"page":"10557-10570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Simplistic Attachment and Multispectral Imaging with Semiconductor Nanocrystals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Travis L.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Triulzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary E. St.","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara G.","family":"Becker-Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eBioscience, Inc., 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt994","article-title":"In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41207:1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2032458","article-title":"Autofluorescence removal, multiplexing, and automated analysis methods for in-vivo fluorescence imaging","volume":"10","author":"Mansfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800628","article-title":"Multispectral imaging of clinically relevant cellular targets in tonsil and lymphoid tissue using semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"19","author":"Fountaine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2421","article-title":"Quantum dots light up pathology","volume":"216","author":"Tholouli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.06.127","article-title":"Quantitative multiplexed quantum dot immunohistochemistry","volume":"374","author":"Sweeney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100213v","article-title":"Molecular mapping of tumor heterogeneity on clinical tissue specimens with multiplexed quantum dots","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201050g","article-title":"Reactive semiconductor nanocrystals for chemoselective biolabeling and multiplexed analysis","volume":"5","author":"Jennings","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.12.053","article-title":"Patterns of cancer invasion revealed by QDs-based quantitative multiplexed imaging of tumor microenvironment","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac022124v","article-title":"Optical sensing with quantum dots","volume":"74","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/14\/7\/201","article-title":"Biological applications of colloidal nanocrystals","volume":"14","author":"Parak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt927","article-title":"The use of nanocrystals in biological detection","volume":"22","author":"Alivisatos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt764","article-title":"Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2003.01219.x","article-title":"Development and application of quantum dots for immunocytochemistry of human erythrocytes","volume":"211","author":"Tokumasu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microsc"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540405200102","article-title":"Application of quantum dots as probes for correlative fluorescence, conventional, and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy","volume":"52","author":"Nisman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-005-2972-x","article-title":"Double labeling and simultaneous detection of B- and T cells using fluorescent nano-crystal (q-dots) in paraffin-embedded tissues","volume":"15","author":"Zahavy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1021\/nl062111n","article-title":"High throughput quantification of protein expression of cancer antigens in tissue microarray using quantum dot nanocrystals","volume":"6","author":"Ghazani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.107","article-title":"Bioconjugated quantum dots for multiplexed and quantitative immunohistochemistry","volume":"2","author":"Xing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101065b","article-title":"Multiplexed detection and characterization of rare tumor cells in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma with multicolor quantum dots","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-010-1009-1","article-title":"Comparison and optimization of multiplexed quantum dot-based immunohistofluorescence","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3765(20020118)8:2<334::AID-CHEM334>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Green chemical approaches toward high-quality semiconductor nanocrystals","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0173167","article-title":"Nearly monodisperse and shape-controlled CdSe nanocrystals via alternative routes: Nucleation and growth","volume":"124","author":"Peng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0155532","article-title":"Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals","volume":"1","author":"Qu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077194","article-title":"In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles","volume":"298","author":"Dubertret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800310p","article-title":"Rapid oxime and hydrazone ligations with aromatic aldehydes for biomolecular labeling","volume":"19","author":"Dirksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7743","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200602877","article-title":"Nucleophilic catalysis of oxime ligation","volume":"118","author":"Dirksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1021\/bc200065z","article-title":"The controlled display of biomolecules on nanoparticles: A challenge suited to bioorthogonal chemistry","volume":"22","author":"Algar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200900942","article-title":"Bioorthogonal chemistry: Fishing for selectivity in a sea of functionality","volume":"48","author":"Sletten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1021\/cm034081k","article-title":"Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0107878","article-title":"Conjugation of DNA to silanized colloidal semiconductor nanocrystalline quantum dots","volume":"14","author":"Parak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1021\/bc060367e","article-title":"Targeted quantum dot conjugates for siRNA delivery","volume":"18","author":"Derfus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.069526","article-title":"A two-photon excitation fluorescence cross-correlation assay for a model ligand-receptor binding system using quantum dots","volume":"90","author":"Swift","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200701955","article-title":"Toward the accurate read-out of quantum dot barcodes: Design of deconvolution algorithms and assessment of fluorescence signals in buffer","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071415m","article-title":"Convergence of quantum dot barcodes with microfluidics and signal processing for multiplexed high-throughput infectious disease diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Klostranec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"4620","article-title":"In vivo optical imaging and dynamic contrast methods for biomedical research","volume":"369","author":"Hillman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.063925","article-title":"Multispectral fluorescence imaging","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/11\/10557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:56Z","timestamp":1760219876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/11\/10557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s111110557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111110557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]}}}