{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T07:22:00Z","timestamp":1792308120512,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pollution of drinking water sources represents a continuously emerging problem in global environmental protection. Novel techniques for real-time monitoring of water quality, capable of the detection of unanticipated toxic and bioactive substances, are urgently needed. In this study, the applicability of a cell-based sensor system using selected eukaryotic cell lines for the detection of aquatic pollutants is shown. Readout parameters of the cells were the acidification (metabolism), oxygen consumption (respiration) and impedance (morphology) of the cells. A variety of potential cytotoxic classes of substances (heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, neurotoxins, waste water) was tested with monolayers of L6 cells (rat myoblasts). The cytotoxicity or cellular effects induced by inorganic ions (Ni2+ and Cu2+) can be detected with the metabolic parameters acidification and respiration down to 0.5 mg\/L, whereas the detection limit for other substances like nicotine and acetaminophen are rather high, in the range of 0.1 mg\/L and 100 mg\/L. In a close to application model a real waste water sample shows detectable signals, indicating the existence of cytotoxic substances. The results support the paradigm change from single substance detection to the monitoring of overall toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T11:27:41Z","timestamp":1331206061000},"page":"3370-3393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cell-Based Sensor System Using L6 Cells for Broad Band Continuous Pollutant Monitoring in Aquatic Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rebekka","family":"Kubisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Butenandstra\u00dfe 5-13, Building D, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Bohrn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate Research & Technologies, Siemens AG, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate Research & Technologies, Siemens AG, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evamaria","family":"St\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate Research & Technologies, Siemens AG, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.09.043","article-title":"A \u201ctoolbox\u201d for biological and chemical monitoring requirements for the European Union\u2019s Water Framework Directive","volume":"69","author":"Allan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament. Available online: http:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/eur23005.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2012)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(04)01029-5","article-title":"Using ion chromatography to monitor haloacetic acids in drinking water: A review of current technologies","volume":"1046","author":"Paull","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.11.027","article-title":"Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems: A review","volume":"43","author":"Henderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"37","article-title":"Appropriate analytical technologies for monitoring agrochemical residues","volume":"85","author":"Skerrit","year":"1998","journal-title":"ACIAR Proc. Ser"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(04)00381-9","article-title":"Biosensors for environmental monitoring\u2014A global perspective","volume":"65","author":"Marco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0926-z","article-title":"Sensor technology and its application in environmental analysis","volume":"387","author":"Lieberzeit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2039-3","article-title":"Automated analytical microarrays: A critical review","volume":"391","author":"Seidel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042569","article-title":"Conductometric microbiosensors for environmental monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Dzyadevych","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7947","DOI":"10.3390\/s100907947","article-title":"Recent trends in monitoring of european water framework directive priority substances using micro-sensors: A 2007\u20132009 review","volume":"10","author":"Namour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1039\/b802920m","article-title":"Nucleic acid biosensors for environmental pollution monitoring","volume":"133","author":"Palchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.03.006","article-title":"Improved strategy for biosensor-based monitoring of water bodies with diverse organic carbon levels","volume":"21","author":"Tschmelak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01689946","article-title":"Early life-stage test in zebrafish versus a growth test in rainbow trout to evaluate toxic effects","volume":"46","author":"Bresch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2008.08.007","article-title":"Multi-metal interactions between Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in water flea Daphnia magna, a stable isotope experiment","volume":"90","author":"Komjarova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00203-2","article-title":"Detection of environmental pollutants using optical biosensor with immobilized algae cells","volume":"51","author":"Frense","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00078-7","article-title":"Applying whole-water samples directly to fish cell cultures in order to evaluate the toxicity of industrial effluent","volume":"36","author":"Dayeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4816-7","article-title":"Cell-based electrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment","volume":"400","author":"Lagarde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4084-y","article-title":"Whole-cell aquatic biosensors","volume":"400","author":"Eltzov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.05.020","article-title":"The light-addressable potentiometric sensor for multi-ion sensing and imaging","volume":"37","author":"Yoshinobu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.04.006","article-title":"Handheld multi-channel LAPS device as a transducer platform for possible biological and chemical multi-sensor applications","volume":"53","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4663-6","article-title":"Development and applications of whole cell biosensors for ecotoxicity testing","volume":"400","author":"Pasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.10.022","article-title":"On-line load monitoring of wastewaters with a respirographic microbial sensor","volume":"21","author":"Vaiopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00195-6","article-title":"A multi-channel continuous toxicity monitoring system using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria for classification of toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.06.036","article-title":"An integrated mini biosensor system for continuous water toxicity monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00321-9","article-title":"On-line microbial biosensing and fingerprinting of water pollutants","volume":"17","author":"Horsburgh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10032g","article-title":"Whole-cell bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Olaniran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Mon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.06.037","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm-based water toxicity sensor","volume":"158","author":"Amzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4372-6","article-title":"Are luminescent bacteria suitable for online detection and monitoring of toxic compounds in drinking water and its sources?","volume":"400","author":"Woutersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8536","DOI":"10.1021\/es202465c","article-title":"Online monitoring of water toxicity by use of bioluminescent reporter bacterial biochips","volume":"45","author":"Elad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/366591a0","article-title":"A morphological biosensor for mammalian cells","volume":"366","author":"Giaever","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.4919","article-title":"Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) as a noninvasive means to monitor the kinetics of cell spreading to artificial surfaces","volume":"259","author":"Wegener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucha, A., Bohrn, U., Schienle, M., and Schmitt-Landsiedel, D. (2011). A CMOS integrated cell adhesion sensor for lab-on-a-chip applications. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.886409"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1421","article-title":"Improved cell sensitivity and longevity in a rapid impedance-based toxicity sensor","volume":"29","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1039\/b901314h","article-title":"A portable cell-based impedance sensor for toxicity testing of drinking water","volume":"9","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522485","article-title":"On-line control of cellular adhesion with impedance measurements using interdigitated electrode structures","volume":"36","author":"Ehret","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(96)89087-7","article-title":"Monitoring of cellular behaviour by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures","volume":"12","author":"Ehret","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00123-3","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of cellular respiration and acidification with a single CMOS ISFET","volume":"16","author":"Lehmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alborzinia, H., Can, S., Holenya, P., Scholl, C., Lederer, E., Kitanovic, I., and W\u00f6lfl, S. (2011). Real-time monitoring of cisplatin-induced cell death. PLOS One.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019714"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.06.264","article-title":"Optimization of culture and measurement conditions for improved stability and sensitivity of cell physiology monitoring systems for toxicology applications","volume":"189","author":"Ehret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2009.07.182","article-title":"Characterization of eukaryotic cells as the sensitive layer of cell based cytotoxicity sensors","volume":"1","author":"Kubisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Chem"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.09.037","article-title":"Real-time detection of CO by eukaryotic cells","volume":"5","author":"Bohrn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201000924","article-title":"Eukaryotic cell lines as a sensitive layer for direct monitoring of carbon monoxide","volume":"208","author":"Bohrn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (a)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.12.351","article-title":"Air quality monitoring using a whole-cell based sensor system","volume":"25","author":"Bohrn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0574-3","article-title":"Biosensors as useful tools for environmental analysis and monitoring","volume":"386","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2902","article-title":"Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 but not of CYP 2C9, CYP2C19, multigrug resistance (MDR-1) and multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP-1) by prototypical inducers in human hepatocytes","volume":"273","author":"Runge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.12.027","article-title":"Online monitoring of cell metabolism for studying pharmacodynamic effects","volume":"220","author":"Thedinga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh.2011.012","article-title":"Exploring the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity: A literature review","volume":"26","author":"Cameron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.01.026","article-title":"The effects of nickel and chromium on human keratinocytes: Differences in viability, cell associated metal and IL-1a release","volume":"21","author":"Curtis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.12.012","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and neuregulin (Neu) activation in human airway epithelial cells exposed to nickel acetate","volume":"26","author":"Giunta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00037-6","article-title":"In vitro effects of lithium and nickel at different levels on Neuro-2a mouse Neuroblastoma cells","volume":"15","author":"Repetto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(03)00138-3","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative damage and inhibition of DNA repair in an in vitro study of nickel exposure","volume":"17","author":"Cavallo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.11.013","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the toxicity induced by nickel soluble and particulate forms in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Forti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"German Drinking Water Ordinance. Available online: http:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/trinkwv_2001\/index.html (accessed on 5 March 2012)."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.03.001","article-title":"Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease","volume":"283","author":"Jomova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.061","article-title":"Retention of copper originating from different fungicides in contrasting soil types","volume":"166","author":"Vanek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00257-4","article-title":"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) cytotoxicity in rat type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Dimova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.11.044","article-title":"Membrane bioreactor for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing acetaminophen","volume":"250","author":"Shariati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.11.017","article-title":"Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Int"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s6907","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change?","volume":"107","author":"Daughton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.05.036","article-title":"Predicted and measured concentrations for selected pharmaceuticals in UK rivers: Implications for risk assessment","volume":"40","author":"Bound","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1985.tb04922.x","article-title":"The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the environment","volume":"37","author":"Richardson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.12.1499","article-title":"Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"31","author":"James","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Meteb. Dispos"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.12.019","article-title":"The adsorption of nicotine from aqueous solutions on different zeolite structures","volume":"44","author":"Rakic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2007.02.016","article-title":"Liquid-liquid equilibrium of ternary systems containing nicotine","volume":"259","author":"Maduro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.1021\/es0629965","article-title":"Distributions of pharmaceuticals in an urban estuary during both dry and wetweather conditions","volume":"41","author":"Benotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028","article-title":"A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States\u2014I) Groundwater","volume":"402","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2006.11.006","article-title":"Protective effect of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes: A comparison with N-acetylcysteine","volume":"21","author":"Sudheer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2006.06.003","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan protects against chronic nicotine-induced oxidative damage in rat kidney and bladder","volume":"23","author":"Sener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effect of nicotine on cell proliferation and synthesis of secreted proteins in BALB\/C 3T3 cells","volume":"25","author":"Konno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Int"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on epithelial nephron cells in culture","volume":"62","author":"Horster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3370\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:18Z","timestamp":1760219358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s120303370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120303370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]]}}}