{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:06:50Z","timestamp":1791259610711,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we focus on the problem of the accuracy performance of 3D face modeling techniques using corresponding features in multiple views, which is quite sensitive to feature extraction errors. To solve the problem, we adopt a statistical model-based 3D face modeling approach in a mirror system consisting of two mirrors and a camera. The overall procedure of our 3D facial modeling method has two primary steps: 3D facial shape estimation using a multiple 3D face deformable model and texture mapping using seamless cloning that is a type of gradient-domain blending. To evaluate our method\u2019s performance, we generate 3D faces of 30 individuals and then carry out two tests: accuracy test and robustness test. Our method shows not only highly accurate 3D face shape results when compared with the ground truth, but also robustness to feature extraction errors. Moreover, 3D face rendering results intuitively show that our method is more robust to feature extraction errors than other 3D face modeling methods. An additional contribution of our method is that a wide range of face textures can be acquired by the mirror system. By using this texture map, we generate realistic 3D face for individuals at the end of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121012870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T20:54:33Z","timestamp":1348606473000},"page":"12870-12889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["3D Face Modeling Using the Multi-Deformable Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jinkyu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunjin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joongrock","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangyoun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-007-0175-y","article-title":"Building highly realistic facial modeling and animation: A survey","volume":"24","author":"Ersotelos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis. 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