{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:51:35Z","timestamp":1773744695719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya UMRG","award":["RG094\/10AFR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG094\/10AFR"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya UMRG","award":["RP002A-13Bio"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP002A-13Bio"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya HIR grant","award":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM.C\/625\/1\/HIR\/043"]}]},{"name":"Government of Malaysia MOSTI E-science fund","award":["SF004-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SF004-2014"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research Fund of University Malaya","award":["PG027-2012B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG027-2012B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid are important biomarkers for diseases associated with an impaired central nervous system (CNS). A new chemoassay utilizing coumarin-based fluorescent probe 1 to detect the levels of homocysteine is successfully implemented using Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients\u2019 blood serum. In addition, a rapid identification of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels in blood serum of PD patients was also performed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results obtained from both analyses were in agreement. The new chemoassay utilizing coumarin-based fluorescent probe 1 offers a cost- and time-effective method to identify the biomarkers in CNS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T12:23:05Z","timestamp":1415622185000},"page":"21140-21150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Probe as a Central Nervous System Disease Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ann-Chee","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ummi","family":"Mahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen-Yang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hae-Jo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9891-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeun-Mun","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.356","article-title":"The role of hyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency in neurological and psychiatric diseases","volume":"45","author":"Obeid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.360","article-title":"Homocysteine, brain natriuretic peptide and chronic heart failure: A critical review","volume":"45","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2004.208","article-title":"Homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in vascular dementia and in Alzheimer disease","volume":"42","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.09.007","article-title":"Methylenetet-rahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and plasma homocysteine in levodopa-treated and non-treated Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"287","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.01.007","article-title":"Reduced plasma homocysteine levels in levodopa\/entacapone treated Parkinson patients","volume":"11","author":"Valkovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000137886.74175.5A","article-title":"Homocysteine and levodopa: Should Parkinson disease patients receive preventative therapy?","volume":"63","author":"Postuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.1.59","article-title":"Elevated plasma homocysteine levels in patients treated with levodopa: Association with vascular disease","volume":"60","author":"Rogers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055899.24594.8E","article-title":"Effect of L-dopa on plasma homocysteine in PD patients: Relationship to B-vitamin status","volume":"60","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00135.x","article-title":"Levodopa-induced hyperhomocysteinaemia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"108","author":"Yasui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-1953-8","article-title":"A fast liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid","volume":"391","author":"Hempen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.1021\/ac8003506","article-title":"Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of biomarkers related to folate and cobalamin status in human serum after dimercaptopropanesulfonate reduction and heptafluorobutyl chloroformate derivatization","volume":"80","author":"Simek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.101253","article-title":"Quantification of Methylmalonic Acid in Human Plasma with Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Separation and Mass Spectrometric Detection","volume":"54","author":"Lakso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.117","article-title":"A simple high-throughput method for the determination of plasma methylmalonic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"45","author":"Blom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10268","DOI":"10.1021\/ja002112w","article-title":"Fluorinated Calix[4]pyrrole and Dipyrrolylquinoxaline. Neutral Anion Receptors with Augmented Affinities and Enhanced Selectivities","volume":"122","author":"Anzenbacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20010105)40:1<154::AID-ANIE154>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Off-the-Shelf Colorimetric Anion Sensors","volume":"40","author":"Miyaji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(20000515)39:10<1777::AID-ANIE1777>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Naked-Eye Detection of Anions in Dichloromethane: Colorimetric Anion Sensors Based on Calix[4]pyrrole","volume":"39","author":"Miyaji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1021\/ja036297t","article-title":"Visual Detection of Cysteine and Homocysteine","volume":"126","author":"Rusin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00217a047","article-title":"Synthesis, coloration, and crystal structure of the dibasic chromoacerand-piperazine 1:1 salt complex","volume":"110","author":"Kaneda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199011731","article-title":"Fluorescence \u201cOff\u2013On\u201d Signalling upon Linear Recognition and Binding of \u03b1,\u03c9-Alkanediyldiammonium Ions by 9,10-Bis{(1-aza-4,7,10,13, 16-pentaoxacyclooctadecyl)methyl}anthracene","volume":"29","author":"Sandanayake","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/382522a0","article-title":"Colorimetric chiral recognition by a molecular sensor","volume":"382","author":"Kubo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.197701371","article-title":"Organic Fluorescence Reagents in the Study of Enzymes and Proteins","volume":"16","author":"Kantana","year":"1977","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.1021\/ja500962u","article-title":"Tunable Heptamethine-Azo Dye Conjugate as an NIR Fluorescent Probe for the Selective Detection of Mitochondrial Glutathione over Cysteine and Homocysteine","volume":"136","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.S., Kim, T.K., Lee, J.H., Kim, H.J., and Hong, J.I. (2008). Fluorescence turn-on probe for homocysteine and cysteine in water. Chem. Commun.","DOI":"10.1039\/b814581d"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2008.06.003","article-title":"Highly selective fluorescent sensor for homocysteine and cysteine","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.08.002","article-title":"Is chronic levodopa therapy associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"19","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:07Z","timestamp":1760216947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s141121140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141121140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]}}}