{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:06:42Z","timestamp":1787029602051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In-situ environmental parameter measurements using sensor systems connected to a wireless network have become widespread, but the problem of monitoring large and mountainous areas by means of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is not well resolved. The main reasons for this are: (1) the environmental variability distribution is unknown in the field; (2) without this knowledge, a huge number of sensors would be necessary to ensure the complete coverage of the environmental variability and (3) WSN design requirements, for example, effective connectivity (intervisibility), limiting distances and controlled redundancy, are usually solved by trial and error. Using temperature as the target environmental variable, we propose: (1) a method to determine the homogeneous environmental classes to be sampled using the digital elevation model (DEM) and geometric simulations and (2) a procedure to determine an effective WSN design in complex terrain in terms of the number of sensors, redundancy, cost and spatial distribution. The proposed methodology, based on geographic information systems and binary integer programming can be easily adapted to a wide range of applications that need exhaustive and continuous environmental monitoring with high spatial resolution. The results show that the WSN design is perfectly suited  to the topography and the technical specifications of the sensors, and provides a complete coverage of the environmental variability in terms of Sun exposure. However these results still need be validated in the field and the proposed procedure must be refined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T11:39:36Z","timestamp":1416310776000},"page":"21826-21842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design of a WSN for the Sampling of Environmental Variability in Complex Terrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00edn-Tard\u00edo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de M\u00e9rida, Universidad de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida 06800, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Felic\u00edsimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de M\u00e9rida, Universidad de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida 06800, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"The application of thin plate smoothing splines to continentwide data assimilation","volume":"27","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMRC Res. 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