{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:16:42Z","timestamp":1775193402831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT - Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/87392\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/87392\/2012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans perform and rely on face recognition routinely and effortlessly throughout their daily lives. Multiple works in recent years have sought to replicate this process in a robust and automatic way. However, it is known that the performance of face recognition algorithms is severely compromised in non-ideal image acquisition scenarios. In an attempt to deal with conditions, such as occlusion and heterogeneous illumination, we propose a new approach motivated by the global precedent hypothesis of the human brain\u2019s cognitive mechanisms of perception. An automatic modeling of SIFT keypoint descriptors using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based universal background model method is proposed. A decision is, then, made in an innovative hierarchical sense, with holistic information gaining precedence over a more detailed local analysis. The algorithm was tested on the ORL, ARand Extended Yale B Face databases and presented state-of-the-art performance for a variety of experimental setups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T10:23:36Z","timestamp":1421403816000},"page":"1903-1924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Cognitively-Motivated Framework for Partial Face Recognition in Unconstrained Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, n 378, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, n 378, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MSECP.2003.1193209","article-title":"Biometric recognition: Security and privacy concerns","volume":"1","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. 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