{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:25:32Z","timestamp":1788870332895,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA NIFA","award":["2014-51181-22383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-51181-22383"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016638","name":"USHBC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To quantitatively measure the impacts during blueberry harvesting and post-harvest handling, this study designed the second generation Berry Impact Recording Device (BIRD II) sensor with a size of 21 mm in diameter and a weight of 3.9 g, which reduced the size by 17% and the weight by 50% compared to the previous prototype. The sensor was able to measure accelerations up to 346 g at a maximum frequency of 2 KHz. Universal Serial Bus (USB) was used to directly connect the sensor with the computer, removing the interface box used previously. LabVIEW-based PC software was designed to configure the sensor, download and process the data. The sensor was calibrated using a centrifuge. The accuracy of the sensor was between \u20131.76 g to 2.17 g, and the precision was between 0.21 g to 0.81 g. Dynamic drop tests showed that BIRD II had smaller variance in measurements than BIRD I. In terms of size and weight, BIRD II is more similar to an average blueberry fruit than BIRD I, which leads to more accurate measurements of the impacts for blueberries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T10:54:42Z","timestamp":1423133682000},"page":"3688-3705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of the Second Generation Berry Impact Recording Device (BIRD II)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 200 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 200 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.25435","article-title":"Estimates of mechanization effects on fresh blueberry quality","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric. (USA)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1699(96)00004-X","article-title":"A pressure measuring sphere for monitoring handling of fruit and vegetables","volume":"15","author":"Herold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.37493","article-title":"Elastic behavior of a pseudo-fruit for determining bruise damage to fruit during mechanized handling","volume":"16","author":"Rider","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.30950","article-title":"Self-contained impact detection device-calibration and accuracy","volume":"31","author":"Tennes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.31423","article-title":"Advanced instrumented sphere (IS) for impact measurements","volume":"33","author":"Zapp","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, I., de Brito, R.M., Pereira, C.E., and Bender, R.J. (2009, January 17\u201319). Wireless instrumented sphere for three-dimensional force sensing. New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2009.4801797"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roa, Y.H.H., Fruett, F., and Ferreira, M.D. (2013). Real time measurement system based on wireless instrumented sphere. SpringerPlus, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-582"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.27770","article-title":"Measuring behavior of an acceleration measuring unit implanted in potatoes","volume":"52","author":"Geyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of two impacts detecting devices to measure impact load on potatoes","volume":"13","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607140","article-title":"Comparison of Electronic Fruits for Impact Detection on a Laboratory Scale","volume":"13","author":"Praeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4","article-title":"Electronic fruits and other sensors","volume":"48","author":"Jaren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chron. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"604","article-title":"Handling efficiency and berry size preferences of cedar waxwings","volume":"105","author":"Avery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.08.013","article-title":"Development of the Berry Impact Recording Device sensing system: Hardware design and calibration","volume":"79","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.05.003","article-title":"Development of the berry impact recording device sensing system: software","volume":"77","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.06.005","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of a rotary blueberry mechanical harvester using a miniature instrumented sphere","volume":"88","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4603.1998.tb00172.x","article-title":"Sensory and textural evaluation of Maine wild blueberries for the fresh pack market","volume":"29","author":"Donahue","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Texture Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Morrow, C., and Ruscitti, T. (1990). Using an Instrumented Sphere on Potato Packing Lines. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., No. 90-6028."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2003.08.003","article-title":"Characterisation of a potato-shaped instrumented device","volume":"86","author":"Canneyt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2008.01.008","article-title":"Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars","volume":"49","author":"Saftner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/2\/3688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:42:22Z","timestamp":1760215342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/2\/3688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s150203688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150203688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]}}}