{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:39:24Z","timestamp":1781800764506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]],"date-time":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2012-34383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2012-34383"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2008-02301\/CLI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2008-02301\/CLI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa JaePredoc","award":["BOE 185-14853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOE 185-14853"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Field spectroradiometers integrated in automated systems at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites are a powerful tool for monitoring and upscaling vegetation physiology and carbon and water fluxes. However, exposure to varying environmental conditions can affect the functioning of these sensors, especially if these cannot be completely insulated and stabilized. This can cause inaccuracy in the spectral measurements and hinder the comparison between data acquired at different sites. This paper describes the characterization of key sensor models in a double beam spectroradiometer necessary to calculate the Hemispherical-Conical Reflectance Factor (HCRF). Dark current, temperature dependence, non-linearity, spectral calibration and cosine receptor directional responses are modeled in the laboratory as a function of temperature, instrument settings, radiation measured or illumination angle. These models are used to correct the spectral measurements acquired continuously by the same instrument integrated outdoors in an automated system (AMSPEC-MED). Results suggest that part of the instrumental issues cancel out mutually or can be controlled by the instrument configuration, so that changes induced in HCFR reached about 0.05 at maximum. However, these corrections are necessary to ensure the inter-comparison of data with other ground or remote sensors and to discriminate instrumentally induced changes in HCRF from those related with vegetation physiology and directional effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150204154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]],"date-time":"2015-02-11T09:52:16Z","timestamp":1423648336000},"page":"4154-4175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characterization of a Field Spectroradiometer for Unattended Vegetation Monitoring. Key Sensor Models and Impacts  on Reflectance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Pacheco-Labrador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing and Spectrosocopy Laboratory (SpecLab), Instituto de Econom\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Demograf\u00eda (IEGD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC),  Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing and Spectrosocopy Laboratory (SpecLab), Instituto de Econom\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Demograf\u00eda (IEGD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC),  Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.003","article-title":"Spectral Network (SpecNet)\u2014What is it and why do we need it?","volume":"103","author":"Gamon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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