{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:44:01Z","timestamp":1770356641801,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The passive surface wave survey is a practical, non-invasive seismic exploration method that has increasingly been used in geotechnical engineering. However, in situ deployment of traditional wired geophones is labor intensive for a dense sensor array. Alternatively, stand-alone seismometers can be used, but they are bulky, heavy, and expensive because they are usually designed for long-term monitoring. To better facilitate field applications of the passive surface wave survey, a low-cost energy-efficient geophone system was developed in this study. The hardware design is presented in this paper.  To validate the system\u2019s functionality, both laboratory and field experiments were conducted. The unique feature of this newly-developed cableless geophone system allows for rapid field applications of the passive surface wave survey with dense array measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151024698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1443409375000},"page":"24698-24715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Cableless Geophone Unit for Passive Surface Wave Surveys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kaoshan","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,  Xuzhou 221008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, 3940 N. Elm Street F115M, Denton, TX 76207, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, 3940 N. Elm Street F115M, Denton, TX 76207, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Das, B., and Sobhan, K. (2006). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Nelson of Thomson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Anderson, N.L., Croxton, N., Hoover, R., and Sirles, P. (2008). Transportation Research Circular (E-C130), Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2011.06.012","article-title":"An overview of surface wave methods and a reliability study of a simplified inversion technique","volume":"31","author":"Pelekis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. 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