{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:32:35Z","timestamp":1782365555587,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an earlier study, an electronic tongue system (e-tongue) has been used to differentiate between orange juice made from healthy fruit and from fruit affected by the citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. This study investigated the reaction of an e-tongue system to the main chemicals in orange juice that impact flavor and health benefits and are also impacted by HLB. Orange juice was spiked with sucrose (0.2\u20135.0 g\/100 mL), citric acid (0.1%\u20133.0% g\/100 mL) and potassium chloride (0.1\u20133.0 g\/100 mL) as well as the secondary metabolites nomilin (1\u201330 \u00b5g\/mL), limonin (1\u201330 \u00b5g\/mL), limonin glucoside (30\u2013200 \u00b5g\/mL), hesperidin (30\u2013400 \u00b5g\/mL) and hesperetin (30\u2013400 \u00b5g\/mL). Performance of Alpha MOS sensor sets #1 (pharmaceutical) and #5 (food) were compared for the same samples, with sensor set #1 generally giving better separation than sensor set #5 for sucrose, sensor set #5 giving better separation for nomilin and limonin, both sets being efficient at separating citric acid, potassium chloride, hesperitin and limonin glucoside, and neither set discriminating hesperidin efficiently. Orange juice made from fruit over the harvest season and from fruit harvested from healthy or HLB-affected trees were separated by harvest maturity, disease state and disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T10:44:27Z","timestamp":1449053067000},"page":"30062-30075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Electronic Tongue Response to Chemicals in Orange Juice that Change Concentration in Relation to Harvest Maturity and Citrus Greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Smita","family":"Raithore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhe","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Plotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Manthey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Irey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Sugar Corp., 111 Ponce de Leon Ave, Clewiston, FL 33400, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FDOC Florida Citrus Outlook 2014\u201315 Season. Available online: https:\/\/fdocgrower.app.box.com\/shared\/2n5zfo2cur\/1\/76190650\/22178980651\/1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01580.x","article-title":"Effect of Liberibacter infection (Huanglongbing or \u201cGreening\u201d Disease) of citrus on orange juice flavor quality by sensory evaluation","volume":"75","author":"Plotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.06.020","article-title":"Effect of blending Huanglongbing (HLB) disease affected orange juice with juice from healthy orange on flavor quality","volume":"62","author":"Raithore","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9031958","article-title":"Effect of Liberibacter infection (Huanglongbing disease) of citrus on orange fruit physiology and fruit\/fruit juice quality: Chemical and physical analyses","volume":"58","author":"Baldwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01495.x","article-title":"Chemical characterization of orange juice from trees infected with citrus greening (Huanglongbing)","volume":"75","author":"Dagulo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Plotto, A. Effect of nutritional treatments on Huanlongbing infected citrus flavor quality by sensory evaluation, Unpublished data."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(03)00301-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Italian wine by the electronic tongue: Recognition, quantitative analysis and correlation with human sensory perception","volume":"484","author":"Legin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.05.008","article-title":"Instrumental measurement of beer taste attribues using an electronic tongue","volume":"646","author":"Rudnitskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.11.084","article-title":"The electronic tongue and atr\u2013ftir for rapid detection of sugars and acids in tomatoes","volume":"116","author":"Beullens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.09.025","article-title":"An electronic tongue taste evaluation: Identification of goat milk adulteration with bovine milk","volume":"136","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jfq.12004","article-title":"Electronic tongue coupled with physicochemical analysis for the recognition of orange beverages","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/35093032","article-title":"Receptors and transduction in taste","volume":"412","author":"Lindemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577111965","article-title":"Nonspecific sensor arrays (\u201cElectronic tongue\u201d) for chemical analysis of liquids","volume":"77","author":"Vlasov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(97)00167-6","article-title":"Tasting of beverages using an electronic tongue","volume":"44","author":"Legin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"998","article-title":"Hybrid electronic tongue based on multisensor data fusion for discrimination of beers","volume":"177","author":"Haddi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors2040251","article-title":"Voltammetric electronic tongue for discrimination of milk adulterated with urea, formaldehyde and melamine","volume":"2","author":"Bueno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.07.015","article-title":"Potentiometric electronic tongue based on integrated array of microelectrodes","volume":"127","author":"Ciosek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"497","article-title":"Delayed bitterness of six sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis osbeck)","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504744","article-title":"Electronic noses and tongues: Applications for the food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"11","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1996.0006","article-title":"Pcr detection of the two \u201cCandidatus\u201d Liberibacter species associated with greening disease of citrus","volume":"10","author":"Jagoueix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9939","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402364y","article-title":"Extraction of DNA from orange juice, and detection of bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by real-time PCR","volume":"61","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/joss.12046","article-title":"Interactions and thresholds of limonin and nomilin in bitterness perception in orange juice and other matrices","volume":"28","author":"Dea","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sens. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effect of nutritional spray regimes on orange juice flavor quality and juice Liberibacter (CLas) DNA detection","volume":"125","author":"Baldwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Havekotte, M., Hofmann, T., Rakofsky, T., Nagle, C., Morello, M., and Jordan, R. (2012). Control of Flavor Characteristics of Fruit Juice. (Application EP2494874 A1), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Mistretta, A., Marventano, S., Nolfo, F., Calabrese, G., Buscemi, S., Drago, F., Veronesi, U., and Scuderi, A. (2013). Red orange: Experimental models and epidemiological evidence of its benefits on human health. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/157240"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2396","article-title":"Limonoids as cancer chemopreventive agents","volume":"86","author":"Ejaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0484632","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of citrus limonoids, flavonoids, and coumarins","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5511\/plantbiotechnology.19.397","article-title":"Modification of limonoid metabolism in suspension cell culture of citrus","volume":"19","author":"Endo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.1998.00160.x","article-title":"Effect of harvesting time and fruit size on titratable acidity, soluble solid and distribution of limonin in thai tangerine juice","volume":"33","author":"Jungsakulrujirek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"308","article-title":"Influence of harvest time on quality of \u201cValencia\u201d oranges and juice","volume":"122","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"431","article-title":"Horticultural varieties of citrus","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Reuther","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Citrus Industry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60231a016","article-title":"Limonoids in citrus seeds: Origin and relative concentration","volume":"28","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29787\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:53:13Z","timestamp":1760215993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s151229787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151229787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]]}}}