{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:48:23Z","timestamp":1785368903201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to develop and validate an automated system for identifying skating-style cross-country subtechniques using inertial sensors. In the first experiment, the performance of a male cross-country skier was used to develop an automated identification system. In the second, eight male and seven female college cross-country skiers participated to validate the developed identification system. Each subject wore inertial sensors on both wrists and both roller skis, and a small video camera on a backpack. All subjects skied through a 3450 m roller ski course using a skating style at their maximum speed. The adopted subtechniques were identified by the automated method based on the data obtained from the sensors, as well as by visual observations from a video recording of the same ski run. The system correctly identified 6418 subtechniques from a total of 6768 cycles, which indicates an accuracy of 94.8%. The precisions of the automatic system for identifying the V1R, V1L, V2R, V2L, V2AR, and V2AL subtechniques were 87.6%, 87.0%, 97.5%, 97.8%, 92.1%, and 92.0%, respectively. Most incorrect identification cases occurred during a subtechnique identification that included a transition and turn event. Identification accuracy can be improved by separately identifying transition and turn events. This system could be used to evaluate each skier\u2019s subtechniques in course conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]],"date-time":"2016-04-04T10:44:35Z","timestamp":1459766675000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Automatic Identification of Subtechniques in Skating-Style Roller Skiing Using Inertial Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigeoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenya","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Ishige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigeoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522832","article-title":"Effects of speed on temporal patterns in classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing","volume":"3","author":"Nilsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000070903","article-title":"Energy cost of different skating techniques in cross-country skiing","volume":"21","author":"Millet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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