{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:10Z","timestamp":1760242810165,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. LY12F03022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. LY12F03022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 1A5000*172210111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1A5000*172210111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pressure vessels are widely used in industrial fields, and some of them are safety-critical components in the system\u2014for example, those which contain flammable or explosive material. Therefore, the pressure of these vessels becomes one of the critical measurements for operational management. In the paper, we introduce a new approach to the design of non-intrusive pressure sensors, based on ultrasonic waves. The model of this sensor is built based upon the travel-time change of the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) and the reflected longitudinal waves with the pressure. To evaluate the model, experiments are carried out to compare the proposed model with other existing models. The results show that the proposed model can improve the accuracy compared to models based on a single wave.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1470391824000},"page":"1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Non-Intrusive Pressure Sensor by Detecting Multiple Longitudinal Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guers, M.J., Fontana, C.J., Zilinskis, D.R., and Tittmann, B.R. 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Shell Theory, Zhejiang University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"UT Material Properties Tables. Available online: https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/GeneralResources\/Material Properties\/UT\/ut_matlprop_metals.htm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/5.554205","article-title":"An introduction to multisensor data fusion","volume":"85","author":"Hall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Draper, N.R., and Smith, H. (2014). 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