{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:29:00Z","timestamp":1780054140319,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51377088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51377088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Society -National Natural Science Foundation of China International Exchange Award","award":["No. IE150600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. IE150600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Applying shielding coils is a practical way to protect current transformers (CTs) for large-capacity generators from the intensive magnetic interference produced by adjacent bus-bars. The aim of this study is to build a simple analytical model for the shielding coils, from which the optimization of the shielding coils can be calculated effectively. Based on an existing stray flux model, a new analytical model for the leakage flux of partial coils is presented, and finite element method-based simulations are carried out to develop empirical equations for the core-pickup factors of the models. Using the flux models, a model of the common four-segment shielding coils is derived. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis is carried out on the optimal performance of the four-segment shielding coils in a typical six-bus-bars scenario. It turns out that the \u201call parallel\u201d shielding coils with a 45\u00b0 starting position have the best shielding performance, whereas the \u201cseparated loop\u201d shielding coils with a 0\u00b0 starting position feature the lowest heating value. Physical experiments were performed, which verified all the models and the conclusions proposed in the paper. In addition, for shielding coils with other than the four-segment configuration, the analysis process will generally be the same.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:35:42Z","timestamp":1496118942000},"page":"1218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling and Optimization of Four-Segment Shielding Coils of Current Transformers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4465-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-129X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Internet Based Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Instrumentation and Measurement, State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electricity and Magnetism, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1656","article-title":"The accuracy of current transformers adjacent to high-current busses","volume":"70","author":"Pfuntner","year":"1951","journal-title":"AIEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Effect of stray flux on current transformers","volume":"37","author":"Seely","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jones, K.W. (2006, January 4\u20136). Addressing window type transformer proximity error. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2228073","article-title":"Using a Current Loop and Homogeneous Primary Coil for Calibrating a Current Transformer","volume":"62","author":"Draxler","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2004.835273","article-title":"An efficient compensation algorthim for current transformer saturation effects","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.09.005","article-title":"A precise scheme for detection of current transformer saturation based on time frequency analysis","volume":"94","author":"Abdoos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-6423(13)71516-5","article-title":"Current transformer saturation detection using Gaussian mixture models","volume":"11","author":"Haji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.820661","article-title":"A high dynamic range magnetooptic current transformer with advanced signal processing","volume":"3","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2006.872478","article-title":"Design of novel structure current transformer with shielding coils for overcoming the saturation of core","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-epa:20050005","article-title":"Active and passive magnetic shielding for stray field reduction of an induction heater with axial flux","volume":"152","author":"Sergeant","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajic, Z., Holst, S., Bonmann, D., and Baars, D. (2012, January 2\u20135). Stray flux and its influence on protection relays. Proceedings of the 2012 65th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPRE.2012.6201250"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.05.001","article-title":"A self-calibrating instrument current transformer","volume":"45","author":"Slomovitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Braisch, D., Schichler, U., Schumacher, M., Funk, H.-W., and Krebs, R. (2009, January 24\u201328). Partial saturation of current transformers in gas insulated switchgears. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2036495","article-title":"New testing method of the shielding effect of current transformer with shielding coils","volume":"60","author":"Qu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, J., Zhao, W., Huang, S.L., and Bo, J. (2012, January 13\u201316). Analysis on eccentric bus-bar testing method of current transformer. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2012.6229436"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, H., Wu, J., Lin, F., Liang, B., and Jia, K. (2012, January 1\u20136). Effects of stray magnetic fields on the iron core of DCC. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPEM.2012.6251018"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2160913","article-title":"Eccentric bus-bar testing method of the shielding effect of a current transformer with shielding coils","volume":"61","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Givi, H., Moghani, J.S., Vakilian, Z.M.A., and Noroozi, M.A. (2013, January 14\u201316). Three dimensional finite element modeling of a current transformer and analyzing its operation under normal condition. Proceedings of the 2013 21st Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Mashhad, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2013.6599715"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2600272","article-title":"Optimization of a high-frequency current transformer sensor for partial discharge detection using finite-element analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zachariades","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2015.2390260","article-title":"Calculation of a Tape-Wound Transformer Leakage Inductance Using the MEC Model","volume":"30","author":"Taher","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2020242","article-title":"Low-cost prototype for the electronically compensation of current transformers","volume":"9","author":"Baccigalupi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:37:06Z","timestamp":1760207826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]]}}}