{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:30:39Z","timestamp":1768681839575,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,30]],"date-time":"2017-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals reflect muscle contraction and hence, can provide information regarding a user\u2019s movement intention. High-density sEMG systems have been proposed to measure muscle activity in small areas and to estimate complex motion using spatial patterns. However, conventional systems based on wet electrodes have several limitations. For example, the electrolyte enclosed in wet electrodes restricts spatial resolution, and these conventional bulky systems limit natural movements. In this paper, a microneedle-based high-density electrode array on a circuit integrated flexible substrate for sEMG is proposed. Microneedles allow for high spatial resolution without requiring conductive substances, and flexible substrates guarantee stable skin\u2013electrode contact. Moreover, a compact signal processing system is integrated with the electrode array. Therefore, sEMG measurements are comfortable to the user and do not interfere with the movement. The system performance was demonstrated by testing its operation and estimating motion using a Gaussian mixture model-based, simplified 2D spatial pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Wireless sEMG System with a Microneedle-Based High-Density Electrode Array on a Flexible Substrate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Minjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gangyong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultimate Fabrication Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 42994 Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2196711","article-title":"Control of upper limb prostheses: Terminology and proportional myoelectric control\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Fougner","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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