{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:06:04Z","timestamp":1787029564686,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-15-CE22-0008-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-15-CE22-0008-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motorcycle drivers are considered among the most vulnerable road users, as attested by the number of crashes increasing every year. The significant part of the fatalities relates to \u201csingle vehicle\u201d loss of control in bends. During this investigation, a system based on an instrumented multi-sensor platform and an algorithmic study was developed to accurately reconstruct motorcycle trajectories achieved when negotiating bends. This system is used by the French Gendarmerie in order to objectively evaluate and to examine the way riders take their bends in order to better train riders to adopt a safe trajectory and to improve road safety. Data required for the reconstruction are acquired using a motorcycle that has been fully instrumented (in VIROLO++ Project) with several redundant sensors (reference sensors and low-cost sensors) which measure the rider actions (roll, steering) and the motorcycle behavior (position, velocity, acceleration, odometry, heading, and attitude). The proposed solution allowed the reconstruction of motorcycle trajectories in bends with a high accuracy (equal to that of fixed point positioning). The developed algorithm will be used by the French Gendarmerie in order to objectively evaluate and examine the way riders negotiate bends. It will also be used for initial training and retraining in order to better train riders to learn and estimate a safe trajectory and to increase the safety, efficiency and comfort of motorcycle riders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T04:05:33Z","timestamp":1531713933000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Practical Approach for High Precision Reconstruction of a Motorcycle Trajectory Using a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarra","family":"Smaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Signal and Communication Laboratory, National Polytechnic School, 16200 El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabah","family":"Sadoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Signal and Communication Laboratory, National Polytechnic School, 16200 El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhafid","family":"Elouardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Larnaudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Bouaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderahmane","family":"Boubezoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"IFSTTAR, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne la Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Vincke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Espi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SATIE Laboratory, University Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"IFSTTAR, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne la Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NHTSA\u2019s National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2018, July 13). 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