{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:34:46Z","timestamp":1784259286257,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010428","name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ITS\/031\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITS\/031\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Research Grants of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["1-ZE7K and 1-ZVLQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZE7K and 1-ZVLQ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) is a proactive compression therapeutic technique in the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, reduction of limb edema, and treatment of chronic venous ulcers. To appropriately detect and analyze biomechanical pressure profiles delivered by IPC in treatment, a dynamic interface pressure monitoring system was developed to visualize and quantify morphological pressure mapping in the spatial and temporal domains in real time. The system comprises matrix soft sensors, a smart IPC device, a monitoring and analysis software, and a display unit. The developed soft sensor fabricated by an advanced screen printing technology was used to detect intermitted pressure by an IPC device. The pneumatic pressure signals inside the bladders of the IPC were also transiently collected by a data acquisition system and then transmitted to the computer through Bluetooth. The experimental results reveal that the developed pressure monitoring system can perform the real-time detection of dynamic pressures by IPC and display the morphological pressure mapping multi-dimensionally. This new system provides a novel modality to assist in the effective evaluation of proactive compression therapy in practice. The study results contribute to understanding the working mechanisms of IPC and improving its functional design based on intuitive biomechanical characteristics of compression delivery profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"2881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Dynamic Interface Pressure Monitoring System for the Morphological Pressure Mapping of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shumi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengwei","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.103","article-title":"A systematic review of pneumatic compression for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers","volume":"37","author":"Berliner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Grand View Research (2019, March 28). Compression Therapy Market size, Share and Trends Analysis Report by Technology (Static Compression Therapy, Dynamic Compression Therapy), by Product, by Region, and Segment Forecast, 2018\u20132025). Available online: https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/compression-therapy-market."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.ra.12.00068","article-title":"Compression therapy: Clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"5","author":"Partsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"416","article-title":"Duplex scanning to evaluate the effect of compression on venous reflux","volume":"29","author":"Mosti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Union Angiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.06.027","article-title":"Effectiveness of robo-assisted lower limb rehabilitation for spastic patients: A systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Shakti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.09.043","article-title":"Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression devices for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Pavon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)90118-2","article-title":"Pneumatic intermittent-compression legging simulating calf-muscle pump","volume":"296","author":"Calnan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"338","article-title":"Investigation of blood flow during intermittent pneumatic compression and proposal of a new compression protocol","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"140","article-title":"Benefit of intermittent pneumatic compression of lower limbs in reducing venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients: Interactions between risk and effectiveness","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller, T., Caine, M., and Morris, R. (2006). Intermittent pneumatic compression technology for sports recovery. The Engineering of Sport 6, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45951-6_70"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-206X(02)80014-6","article-title":"Evaluation of intermittent pneumatic compression systems","volume":"12","author":"Rithalia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Vanek, V.W. (1998). Meta-Analysis of Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices with a Comparison of Thigh-High to Knee-High Sleeves. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-Assessed Reviews [Internet], Centre for Reviews and Dissemination."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S.M., Liu, R., and Guan, D. (2019, January 10\u201313). Development of an intelligent digital monitoring and biofeedback system for intermittent pneumatic compression therapy device. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Fluid Power and Mechatronics (FPM), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FPM45753.2019.9035788"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"A31","article-title":"Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression for the treatment of venous ulcers in subjects with secondary lymphedema","volume":"17","author":"Alvarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wound Rep. Regen."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"13","article-title":"Intermittent pneumatic compression therapy: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411913516307","article-title":"A model-based method for the design of intermittent pneumatic compression systems acting on humans","volume":"228","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Identification of physical parameters in a robotized IPC device interacting with human","volume":"490\u2013491","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Tech. Publ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J.M., Xiao, Z.M., Li, T.S., Wu, H., and Jiang, H. (2012). Different types of intermittent pneumatic compression devices for preventing venous thromboembolism in patients after total hip replacement. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD009543.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009543.pub2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0034","article-title":"Intermittent pneumatic compression dosage for adults and children with lymphedema: A Systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Boil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.001","article-title":"Increasing trend of wearables and multimodal interface for human activity monitoring: A review","volume":"90","author":"Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4289","article-title":"Conformal piezoelectric systems for clinical and experimental characterization of soft tissue biomechanics","volume":"14","author":"Dagdeviren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.324","article-title":"A transparent bending-insensitive pressure sensor","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.01.044","article-title":"Soft, conformal bioelectronics for a wireless human-wheelchair interface","volume":"91","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705551","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705551","article-title":"A self-healable, highly stretchable, and solution processable conductive polymer composite for ultrasensitive strain and pressure sensing","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201303349","article-title":"25th anniversary article: A soft future: From robots and sensor skin to energy harvesters","volume":"26","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0022-y","article-title":"Biomedical applications of soft robotics","volume":"3","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404446","article-title":"Nanomaterial-enabled stretchable conductors: Strategies, materials and devices","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504150","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible and stretchable bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344004","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/34\/344004","article-title":"Silicon nanomembranes for fingertip electronics","volume":"23","author":"Ying","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79820H","DOI":"10.1117\/12.880959","article-title":"Printed Resistive Strain Sensors for Monitoring of Light-Weight Structures","volume":"Volume 7982","author":"Rausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2011"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83461","DOI":"10.1117\/12.914964","article-title":"Aerosol Printed Carbon Nanotube Strain Sensor","volume":"Volume 8346","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration 2012"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37921","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b10820","article-title":"Paper\/carbon nanotube-based wearable pressure sensor for physiological signal acquisition and soft robotic skin","volume":"9","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.08.048","article-title":"Graphene-based transparent strain sensor","volume":"51","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.11.034","article-title":"Highly reproducible printable graphite strain gauges for flexible devices","volume":"206","author":"Bessonov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.03.063","article-title":"Piezoresistive behaviour of flexible PEDOT:PSS based sensors","volume":"139","author":"Latessa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2009.07.142","article-title":"Porous PDMS force sensitive resistors","volume":"1","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700070","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700070","article-title":"3D Graphite-polymer flexible strain sensors with ultrasensitivity and durability for real-time human vital sign monitoring and musical instrument education","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998310393296","article-title":"A carbon nanotube\/polymer strain sensor with linear and anti-symmetric piezoresistivity","volume":"45","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-8-1-2019","article-title":"Flexible piezoresistive sensor matrix based on a carbon nanotube PDMS composite for dynamic pressure distribution measurement","volume":"8","author":"Ramalingame","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sens. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.232","article-title":"Highly conductive, printable and stretchable composite films of carbon nanotubes and silver","volume":"5","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"86","article-title":"Research on rapid detection system and separation of filter rod pressure drop","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200506000-00001","article-title":"Objective evaluation of skin pressure distribution of graduated elastic compression stockings","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"150","article-title":"The Effects of graduated compression stockings (GCSs) on cutaneous surface pressure along the path of main superficial veins of lower limbs","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wounds Compend. Clin. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11239","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00019","article-title":"Electronic muscles and skins: A review of soft sensors and actuators","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801114","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801114","article-title":"actively perceiving and responsive soft robots enabled by self-powered, highly extensible, and highly sensitive triboelectric proximity- and pressure-sensing skins","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1021\/nl401934a","article-title":"Fully printed, high performance carbon nanotube thin-film transistors on flexible substrates","volume":"13","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201505118","article-title":"Recent progress in materials and devices toward printable and flexible sensors","volume":"28","author":"Rim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2108664","article-title":"A new approach for modeling piezoresistive force sensors based on semiconductive polymer composites","volume":"17","author":"Kalantari","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Holm, R. (2013). Electric Contacts: Theory and Application, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0488(20001101)38:21<2739::AID-POLB40>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Time dependence of piezoresistance for the conductor-filled polymer composites","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinson, H.F., and Brinson, L.C. (2008). Polymer Engineering Science and Viscoelasticity: An Introduction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73861-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304248","article-title":"Silk-molded flexible, ultrasensitive, and highly stable electronic skin for monitoring human physiological signals","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702308","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201702308","article-title":"Self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring using ultrathin epidermal piezoelectric sensors","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Zeng, S., and Zhang, Z. (2012, January 21\u201323). The design of wireless data acquisition system based on STM32 and virtual instrument. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCOM.2012.6478710"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.030","article-title":"Design of the data acquisition system based on STM32","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/13\/4\/325","article-title":"Piezoresistive cantilever as portable micro force calibration standard","volume":"13","author":"Behrens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034503","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3005165","article-title":"Effect of calibration method on tekscan sensor accuracy","volume":"131","author":"Brimacombe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabee, F., Liao, Y., and Yang, M. (2013, January 21\u201322). Minimizing multiple-priority inversion protocol in hard real time system. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Dependable (IEEE), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2013.62"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008678014487","article-title":"Verification of systems in real time through analysis of linear relationships","volume":"11","author":"Halbwachs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Form. Methods Syst. Des."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0661(93)91385-A","article-title":"Hard deadlines in real-time control systems","volume":"1","author":"Shin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70303-4","article-title":"High-pressure, rapid-inflation pneumatic compression improves venous hemodynamics in healthy volunteers and patients who are post-thrombotic","volume":"29","author":"Malone","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00434","article-title":"Rapid-inflation intermittent pneumatic compression for prevention of deep venous thrombosis","volume":"89","author":"Eisele","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4236\/crcm.2014.39112","article-title":"Intermittent pneumatic compression in treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers: A case report and review of literature","volume":"3","author":"Kordzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2009.0025","article-title":"Tissue fluid pressure and flow during pneumatic compression in lymphedema o lower limbs","volume":"9","author":"Olszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lymph. Res. Biol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/13\/2881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:02:12Z","timestamp":1760187732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/13\/2881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s19132881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19132881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]}}}