{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:36:00Z","timestamp":1774542960171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M3A7B4041987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M3A7B4041987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015M3A9E2029267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M3A9E2029267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gas chromatography (GC) is the chemical analysis technique most widely used to separate and identify gas components, and it has been extensively applied in various gas analysis fields such as non-invasive medical diagnoses, indoor air quality monitoring, and outdoor environmental monitoring. Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based GC columns are essential for miniaturizing an integrated gas analysis system (Micro GC system). This study reports an open-tubular-type micro GC (\u03bc-GC) column with internal bump structures (bump structure \u03bc-GC column) that substantially increase the interaction between the gas mixture and a stationary phase. The developed bump structure \u03bc-GC column, which was fabricated on a 2 cm \u00d7 2 cm \u03bc-GC chip and coated with a non-polar stationary phase, is 1.5 m-long, 150 \u03bcm-wide, and 400 \u03bcm-deep. It has an internal microfluidic channel in which the bumps, which are 150 \u03bcm diameter half-circles, are alternatingly disposed to face each other on the surface of the microchannel. The fabricated bump structure \u03bc-GC column yielded a height-equivalent-to-a-theoretical-plate (HETP) of 0.009 cm (11,110 plates\/m) at an optimal carrier gas velocity of 17 cm\/s. The mechanically robust bump structure \u03bc-GC column proposed in this study achieved higher separation efficiency than a commercially available GC column and a typical \u03bc-GC column with internal post structures classified as a semi-packed-type column. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed bump structure \u03bc-GC column can separate a gas mixture completely, with excellent separation resolution for formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene mixture, under programmed operating temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T10:54:53Z","timestamp":1566816893000},"page":"3706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of Open-Tubular-Type Micro Gas Chromatography Column with Bump Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3860-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janghyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Design, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si-Hyung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.850990","article-title":"Ultrahigh-speed chromatography and virtual chemical sensors for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents","volume":"5","author":"Staples","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-014-1032-7","article-title":"Membrane inlet mass spectrometry for homeland security and forensic applications","volume":"26","author":"Giannoukos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.04.030","article-title":"An analysis to study trends in occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs among health care workers","volume":"878","author":"Sottani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2009.03.029","article-title":"Quantitative breath analysis of volatile organic compounds of lung cancer patients","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2012.03.002","article-title":"Biomarkers in crude oil revealed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Depositional paleoenvironment proxies","volume":"46","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.08.126","article-title":"In situ analysis of the Martian soil by gas chromatography: Decoding of complex chromatograms of organic molecules of exobiological interest","volume":"1071","author":"Pietrogrande","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27106","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/2\/027106","article-title":"Identification of microorganisms based on headspace analysis of volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Boots","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800714x","article-title":"Gas chromatography","volume":"80","author":"Dorman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electronic-nose applications in forensic science and for analysis of volatile biomarkers in the human breath","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15049","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2015.49","article-title":"A fully electronic microfabricated gas chromatograph with complementary capacitive detectors for indoor pollutants","volume":"2","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsystems Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westman-Brinkmalm, A., and Brinkmalm, G. (2008). A mass spectrometer\u2019s building blocks. Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470395813.ch2"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"192","article-title":"Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology","volume":"84","author":"Kauffman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.008","article-title":"Development of a gas chromatography silicon-based microsystem in clinical diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"Lorenzelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.10.083","article-title":"Improved performance of micro-fabricated preconcentrators using silica nanoparticles as a surface template","volume":"1322","author":"Akbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15039","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2015.39","article-title":"Chip-scale gas chromatography: From injection through detection","volume":"1","author":"Akbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microsystems Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.05.003","article-title":"Assessing the reliability of wall-coated microfabricated gas chromatographic separation columns","volume":"141","author":"Serrano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mcs.10008","article-title":"Relationships for modeling the performance of rectangular gas chromatographic columns","volume":"13","author":"Spangler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Microcolumn Sep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)80490-2","article-title":"Contribution to the theory of open-tubular (capillary) columns in gas-liquid chromatography","volume":"213","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1979.19791","article-title":"A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer","volume":"26","author":"Terry","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.12.035","article-title":"Silica sputtering as a novel collective stationary phase deposition for microelectromechanical system gas chromatography column: Feasibility and first separations","volume":"1218","author":"Vial","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1039\/b508596a","article-title":"First-generation hybrid MEMS gas chromatograph","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7168-7","article-title":"Review of stationary phases for microelectromechanical systems in gas chromatography: feasibility and separations","volume":"406","author":"Azzouz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1150153","article-title":"Review on micro-gas analyzer systems: Feasibility, separations and applications","volume":"46","author":"Lussac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402961t","article-title":"Microfabricated gas chromatograph for rapid, trace-level determinations of gas-phase explosive marker compounds","volume":"86","author":"Collin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2239472","article-title":"A wireless hybrid chemical sensor for detection of environmental volatile organic compounds","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.06.021","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of sub-ppb concentrations of aromatic volatiles with a MEMS-enabled miniaturized gas-chromatograph","volume":"141","author":"Zampolli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2013.12.001","article-title":"Development of a micro-analytical prototype for selective trace detection of orthonitrotoluene","volume":"114","author":"Mohsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.12.136","article-title":"Zebra GC: A mini gas chromatography system for trace-level determination of hazardous air pollutants","volume":"212","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Azzouz, I., and Bachari, K. (2018). MEMS Devices for Miniaturized Gas Chromatography. MEMS Sensors: Design and Application, IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com.hk\/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=B3eQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA149&dq=MEMS+Devices+for+Miniaturized+Gas+Chromatography.+MEMS+Sensors:+Design+and+Application,&ots=88KxW4E71O&sig=LHND7WEZiGfiT79x3R0UIa-Aurc&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q=MEMS%20Devices%20for%20Miniaturized%20Gas%20Chromatography.%20MEMS%20Sensors%3A%20Design%20and%20Application%2C&f=false."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grob, R.L., and Barry, E.F. (2004). Modern practice of gas chromatography. Modern Pratice of Gas Chomatography, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471651141"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA44255A","article-title":"Improvement of column efficiency in MEMS-based gas chromatography column","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65032","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/6\/065032","article-title":"Micro-fabricated semi-packed column for gas chromatography by using functionalized parylene as a stationary phase","volume":"19","author":"Nakai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.06.022","article-title":"MEMS-based semi-packed gas chromatography columns","volume":"141","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2013.02.065","article-title":"High aspect ratio pattern collapse of polymeric UV-nano-imprint molds due to cleaning","volume":"110","author":"Finn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2014.06.004","article-title":"Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio (up to 10) one-dimensional organic\/inorganic hybrid nanogratings via holographic lithography","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13907","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3291107","article-title":"Anodically bonded submicron microfluidic chambers","volume":"81","author":"Dimov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1021\/la104839a","article-title":"Simple fabrication of asymmetric high-aspect-ratio polymer nanopillars by reusable AAO templates","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2012.06.008","article-title":"High aspect ratio silicon and polyimide nanopillars by combination of nanosphere lithography and intermediate mask pattern transfer","volume":"99","author":"Frommhold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1039\/b502809d","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of 20 nm planar nanofluidic channels by glass\u2013glass and glass\u2013silicon bonding","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1644898","article-title":"Collapse of microchannels during anodic bonding: Theory and experiments","volume":"95","author":"Shih","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/ar100001a","article-title":"Stability of high-aspect-ratio micropillar arrays against adhesive and capillary forces","volume":"43","author":"Chandra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8595","DOI":"10.1021\/la061372+","article-title":"Replica molding of high-aspect-ratio polymeric nanopillar arrays with high fidelity","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13707","DOI":"10.1021\/la101521k","article-title":"Understanding pattern collapse in photolithography process due to capillary forces","volume":"26","author":"Chini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1039\/B809370A","article-title":"Massively-parallel ultra-high-aspect-ratio nanochannels as mesoporous membranes","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"48N","article-title":"On-chip chromatography: the last twenty years","volume":"2","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)82265-7","article-title":"Tapeworm columns in gas chromatography","volume":"122","author":"Papendick","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60184a005","article-title":"Liquid distribution on gas chromatographic support. Relationship to plate height","volume":"34","author":"Giddings","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2007.892903","article-title":"Fabrication and preliminary results for LiGA fabricated nickel micro gas chromatograph columns","volume":"16","author":"Bhushan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10430","DOI":"10.1021\/la901722g","article-title":"Capillary-force-induced clustering of micropillar arrays: Is it caused by isolated capillary bridges or by the lateral capillary meniscus interaction force?","volume":"25","author":"Chandra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16640","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA26898B","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted recovery of free-standing high-aspect-ratio micropillars","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6059","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.32.6059","article-title":"Mechanism of resist pattern collapse during development process","volume":"32","author":"Tanaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200305059","article-title":"Deformation of nanoscopic polymer structures in response to well-defined capillary forces","volume":"15","author":"Stoykovich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051846u","article-title":"High-performance, static-coated silicon microfabricated columns for gas chromatography","volume":"78","author":"Reidy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706517","article-title":"A monolithically-integrated \u03bcGC chemical sensor system","volume":"11","author":"Manginell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, June 18). Agilent Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en-us\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gc-columns\/capillary\/gp4053."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2019, June 18). Agilent Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/en\/products\/gas-chromatography\/gc-columns\/capillary\/gs-gaspro."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)82330-4","article-title":"The height equivalent to a theoretical plate of retentionless rectangular tubes","volume":"216","author":"Golay","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2326593","article-title":"Width-modulated microfluidic columns for gas separations","volume":"14","author":"Shakeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50677a007","article-title":"A new method for prediction of binary gas-phase diffusion coefficients","volume":"58","author":"Fuller","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.06.017","article-title":"Semipacked columns with atomic layer-deposited alumina as a stationary phase","volume":"203","author":"Shakeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-224","article-title":"High-separation efficiency micro-fabricated multi-capillary gas chromatographic columns for simulants of the nerve agents and blister agents","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3706\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:14:09Z","timestamp":1760188449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19173706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19173706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]}}}