{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:12:40Z","timestamp":1790388760170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/14\/E\/ST7\/00104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/14\/E\/ST7\/00104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TECHMATSTRATEG1\/347324\/12\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TECHMATSTRATEG1\/347324\/12\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/157\/L-6\/14\/NCBR\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/157\/L-6\/14\/NCBR\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"City of Gdynia, Poland","award":["3\/DOT\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/DOT\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the norovirus is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis all over the world, its fast detection is crucial in medical diagnostics. In this work, a rapid, sensitive, and selective optical fiber biosensor for the detection of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) is reported. The sensor is based on highly sensitive long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) coated with antibodies against the main coat protein of the norovirus. Several modification methods were verified to obtain reliable immobilization of protein receptors on the LPFG surface. We were able to detect 1 ng\/mL norovirus VLPs in a 40-min assay in a label-free manner. Thanks to the application of an optical fiber as the sensor, there is a possibility to increase the user\u2019s safety by separating the measurement point from the signal processing setup. Moreover, our sensor is small and light, and the proposed assay is straightforward. The designed LPFG-based biosensor could be applied in both fast norovirus detection and in vaccine testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1580872728000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Immunosensor Based on Long-Period Fiber Gratings for Detection of Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Janczuk-Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Gromadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142awa","family":"Panasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Predrag","family":"Mikulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche en photonique, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, 101 rue Saint-Jean-Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojtek J.","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche en photonique, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, 101 rue Saint-Jean-Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ma\u0107kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Institute of Technology, Al. Zwyci\u0119stwa 96\/98, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"\u015amietana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, 00-662 Koszykowa 75, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Niedzi\u00f3\u0142ka J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.11.004","article-title":"Norovirus Illnesses in Children and Adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. 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