{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:22:43Z","timestamp":1791822163799,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE13 ENV\/HU\/001092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE13 ENV\/HU\/001092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010024","name":"Hungarian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPD2018-001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPD2018-001\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arthropods, including pollinators and pests, have high positive and negative impacts on human well-being and the economy, and there is an increasing need to monitor their activity and population growth. The monitoring of arthropod species is a time-consuming and financially demanding process. Automatic detection can be a solution to this problem. Here, we describe the setup and operation mechanism of an infrared opto-electronic sensor-ring, which can be used for both small and large arthropods. The sensor-ring consists of 16 infrared (IR) photodiodes along a semicircle in front of an infrared LED. Using 3D printing, we constructed two types of sensor-ring: one with a wider sensing field for detection of large arthropods (flying, crawling, surface-living) in the size range of 2\u201335 mm; and another one with a narrower sensing field for soil microarthropods in the size range of 0.1\u20132 mm. We examined the detection accuracy and reliability of the two types of sensor-ring in the laboratory by using particles, and dead and living arthropods at two different sensitivity levels. For the wider sensor-ring, the 95% detectability level was reached with grain particles of 0.9 mm size. This result allowed us to detect all of the macroarthropods that were applied in the tests and that might be encountered in pest management. In the case of living microarthropods with different colors and shapes, when we used the narrower sensor-ring, we achieved the 95% detectability level at 1.1 mm, 0.9 mm, and 0.5 mm in the cases of F. candida, H. nitidus, and H. aculeifer, respectively. The unique potential of arthropod-detecting sensors lies in their real-time measurement system; the data are automatically forwarded to the server, and the end-user receives pest abundance data daily or even immediately. This technological innovation will allow us to make pest management more effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20040982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An Opto-Electronic Sensor-Ring to Detect Arthropods of Significantly Different Body Sizes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esztella","family":"Balla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos utca 4-6, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Gerg\u00f3cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gr\u00e1nicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franciska","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Dombos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ott\u00f3 \u00fat 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39745-7","article-title":"Naturally available wild pollination services have economic value for nature dependent smallholder crop farms in Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Tibesigwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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