{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:23:21Z","timestamp":1773267801490,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4619\/31\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4619\/31\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wood chips are extensively utilised as raw material for the pulp and bio-fuel industry, and advanced material analyses may improve the processes in utilizing these products. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with machine learning was used in order to analyse heartwood content of pine chips and bark content of birch chips. A novel electrode system integrated in a sampling container was developed for the testing using frequency range 42 Hz\u20135 MHz. Three electrode pairs were used to measure the samples in x-, y- and z-direction. Three machine learning methods were used: K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT) and support vector machines (SVM). The heartwood content of pine chips and bark content of birch chips were classified with an accuracy of 91% using EIS from pure materials combined with a k-nearest neighbour classifier. When using mixed materials and multiple classes, 73% correct classification for pine heartwood content (four groups) and 64% for birch bark content (five groups) were achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Classification of Wood Chips Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Markku","family":"Tiitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland,  70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valtteri","family":"Tiitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland,  70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Heikkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland,  70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reijo","family":"Lappalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland,  70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tomppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland,  70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-128X(200009\/12)14:5\/6<561::AID-CEM608>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Using miniature diode array NIR spectrometers for analysing wood chips and bark samples in motion","volume":"14","author":"Axrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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