{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:46:56Z","timestamp":1787496416399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministery of Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0734"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Connected Bike project combines several technologies, both hardware and software, to provide cycling enthusiasts with a modern alternative solution for training. Therefore, a trainer can monitor online through a Web Application some of the important parameters for training, more specifically the speed, cadence and power generated by the cyclist. Also, the trainer can see at every moment where the rider is with the aid of a GPS module. The system is built out of both hardware and software components. The hardware is in charge of collecting, scaling, converting and sending data from sensors. On the software side, there is the server, which consists of the Back-End and the MQTT (Message Queues Telemetry Transport) Broker, as well as the Front-End of the Web Application that displays and manages data as well as collaboration between cyclists and trainers. Finally, there is the Android Application that acts like a remote command for the hardware module on the bike, giving the rider control over how and when the ride is monitored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T05:37:34Z","timestamp":1583732254000},"page":"1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Connected Bike-smart IoT-based Cycling Training Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Catargiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Str. 28, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva-H.","family":"Dulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Str. 28, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Physiological Controls Research Center, \u00d3buda University, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liviu C.","family":"Miclea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Str. 28, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmeron-Manzano, E., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2018). The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071894"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zguira, Y., Rivano, H., and Meddeb, A. (2018). Internet of Bikes: A DTN Protocol with Data Aggregation for Urban Data Collection. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092819"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, S., Wei, Z., Sun, L., Su, Y., Wang, R., and Jiang, H. (2018). The Shared Bicycle and Its Network\u2014Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082581"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zguira, Y., Rivano, H., and Meddeb, A. (2018, January 3\u20135). IoB-DTN: A lightweight DTN protocol for mobile IoT applications to smart bike sharing systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Wireless Days (WD), Dubai, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2018.8361708"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, T., Kikuya, Y., Arakawa, Y., Nakamura, M., Higashijima, Y., Maruo, Y.Y., and Nakamura, M. (2012, January 16\u201320). Proposal of web framework for ubiquitous sensor network and its trial application using no2 sensor mounted on bicycle. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT) 2012 IEEE\/IPSJ, Izmir, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2012.20"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, P., Liu, X., Wen, S., Zhang, Y., Winfree, K.N., and Ho, C. (2018, January 6\u20137). The Development of an IoT Instrumented Bike: For Assessment of Road and Bike Trail Conditions. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium in Sensing and Instrumentation in IoT Era (ISSI), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSI.2018.8538268"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archana, D., Boomija, G., Manisha, J., and Kalaiselvi, V.K.G. (2017, January 23\u201324). Mission on! Innovations in bike systems to provide a safe ride based on IOT. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCT2.2017.7972296"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Tsao, C., Li, C., Lo, Y., Huang, W., and Chen, H. (2019, January 21\u201325). Demo: All-You-Can-Bike\u2014A Street View and Virtual Reality Based Cyber-Physical System for Bikers through IoT Technologies. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Los Cabos, Mexico. ACM Digital Library, Article No.: 60.","DOI":"10.1145\/3300061.3343367"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Kou, S., and Song, Y. (2019). Identify Risk Pattern of E-Bike Riders in China Based on Machine Learning Framework. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21111084"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danku, A., Kovari, A., Miclea, L.C., and Dulf, E.H. (2019, January 5\u20137). Intelligent Control of an Aerodynamical System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP48234.2019.8959662"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dulf, E.H., Timis, D.D., Szekely, L., and Miclea, L.C. (2019, January 28\u201330). Adaptive Fractional Order Control Applied to a Multi-rotor System. Proceedings of the IEEE 2019 22nd International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCS.2019.00124"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Robust fractional order controllers for distributed systems","volume":"14","author":"Dulf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Polytech. Hung."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J.L., Hu, C.Q., Tong, J.X., and Liu, F.Y. (2020). Velocity-free MS\/AE source location method for three-dimensional hole-containing structures. Engineering.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.12.016"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Sun, D.J., Han, G.J., Li, X.B., Hu, Q.C., and Shu, L. (2020). Velocity-free Localization of Autonomous Driverless Vehicles in Underground Intelligent Mines. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2970842"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.11.027","article-title":"The state of the art of data science and engineering in structural health monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.07.015","article-title":"A hardware platform framework for an intelligent vehicle based on a driving brain","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2016.04.018","article-title":"Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0","volume":"2","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frauke, B. (2019). Cycling the Smart and Sustainable City: Analyzing EC Policy Documents on Internet of Things, Mobility and Transport, and Smart Cities. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030763"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/1810891.1810898","article-title":"Cycling Through Data","volume":"53","author":"Savage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emilio, M.D.P. (2013). Data Acquisition Systems from Fundamentals to Applied Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4214-1_4"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Al-Mutlaq, S., and Tutorials, S. (2019, April 20). SparkFun Electronics [Interactive]. Available online: https:\/\/learn.sparkfun.com\/tutorials\/getting-started-with-load-cells\/all."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"291","article-title":"A survey on Internet of Things architectures","volume":"30","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, June 05). The FreeRTOS Kernel [Interactive]. Available online: https:\/\/www.freertos.org\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019, June 05). MQTT [Interactive]. Available online: http:\/\/mqtt.org\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Aladeusi, O. (2019, February 11). Building a RESTful Blog APIs Using python and flask, 17 06 2018. [Interactive]. Available online: https:\/\/www.codementor.io."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, June 03). Arduino Mega 2560 [Interactive]. Available online: https:\/\/store.arduino.cc\/mega-2560-r3."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:05:06Z","timestamp":1760173506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20051473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]}}}