{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:25:01Z","timestamp":1790393101774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.095636\/2015-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.095636\/2015-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For some people with severe physical disabilities, the main assistive device to improve their independence and to enhance overall well-being is an electric-powered wheelchair (EPW). However, there is a necessity to offer users EPW training. In this work, the Simcadrom is introduced, which is a virtual reality simulator for EPW driving learning purposes, testing of driving skills and performance, and testing of input interfaces. This simulator uses a joystick as the main input interface, and a virtual reality head-mounted display. However, it can also be used with an eye-tracker device as an alternative input interface and a projector to display the virtual environment (VE). Sense of presence, and user experience questionnaires were implemented to evaluate this version of the Simcadrom in addition to some statistical tests for performance parameters like: total elapsed time, path following error, and total number of commands. A test protocol was proposed and, considering the overall results, the system proved to simulate, very realistically, the usability, kinematics, and dynamics of a real EPW in a VE. Most subjects were able to improve their EPW driving performance in the training session. Furthermore, all skills learned are feasible to be transferred to a real EPW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T08:54:50Z","timestamp":1592988890000},"page":"3565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Simulation System of Electric-Powered Wheelchairs for Training Purposes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Hernandez-Ossa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo H.","family":"Montenegro-Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthil","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Assistive Technology Center (NTA-UFES), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Bissoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6589-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana M.","family":"Sime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Assistive Technology Center (NTA-UFES), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilton M.","family":"Lessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan R.","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselmo","family":"Frizera-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodiano","family":"Bastos-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Center (NTA), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Assistive Technology Center (NTA-UFES), Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). 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