{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:49:03Z","timestamp":1790862543707,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egyptian Academy of Science, Research and Technology (ASRT, Cairo, Egypt)","award":["Project ID: ASRT 7314 - COVID Emergency call"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID: ASRT 7314 - COVID Emergency call"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening\/antigen recognition of IgM\/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"4289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Heba A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabeay Y. A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt"},{"name":"Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0436-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Chino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d. Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Febbraio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.-L., and Zhou, P. (2019). Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030210"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2014An update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.001","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes","volume":"25","author":"Forni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2020, May 20). Update 31\u2014Coronavirus Never Before Seen in Humans Is the Cause of SARS. 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