{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T06:35:50Z","timestamp":1769927750360,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009567","name":"Budapesti M\u0171szaki \u00e9s Gazdas\u00e1gtudom\u00e1nyi Egyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hungarian National EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00014 Project titled by \u201cInvestigation and development of the disruptive technologies for e-mobility and their integration into the engineering education\u201d (IDEA-E)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hungarian National EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00014 Project titled by \u201cInvestigation and development of the disruptive technologies for e-mobility and their integration into the engineering education\u201d (IDEA-E)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the introduction of highly automated vehicles and systems, the tasks of operators (drivers, pilots, air traffic controllers, production process managers) are in transition from \u201cactive control\u201d to \u201cpassive monitoring\u201d and \u201csupervising\u201d. As a result of this transition, the roles of task load and workload are decreasing while the role of the mental load is increasing, thereby the new type of loads might be defined as information load and communication load. This paper deals with operators\u2019 load monitoring and management in highly automated systems. This research (i) introduces the changes in the role of operators and requirements in load management, (ii) defines the operators\u2019 models, (iii) describes the possible application of sensors and their integration into the working environment of operators, and (iv) develops the load observation and management concept. There are some examples of analyses of measurements and the concept of validation is discussed. This paper mainly deals with operators, particularly pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCOs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"4665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Operators\u2019 Load Monitoring and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Utku","family":"Kale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics, Naval Architecture and Railway Vehicles, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Roh\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics, Naval Architecture and Railway Vehicles, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Roh\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics, Naval Architecture and Railway Vehicles, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). 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