{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:36:51Z","timestamp":1783395411489,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a novel model based on support vector machine with radial basis function kernel (RBF-SVM) using time-series features of zebrafish (Danio rerio) locomotion exposed to different electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to indicate the corresponding EMF exposure. A group of 14 adult zebrafish was randomly divided into two groups, 7 in each group; the fish of each group have the novel tank test under a sham or real magnetic exposure of 6.78 MHz and about 1 A\/m. Their locomotion in the tests was videotaped to convert into the x, y coordinate time-series of the trajectories for reforming time-series matrices according to different time-series lengths. The time-series features of zebrafish locomotion were calculated by the comparative time-series analyzing framework highly comparative time-series analysis (HCTSA), and a limited number of the time-series features that were most relevant to the EMF exposure conditions were selected using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm for RBF-SVM classification training. Before this, ambient environmental parameters (AEPs) had little effect on the locomotion performance of zebrafish processed by the empirical method, which had been quantitatively verified by regression using another group of 14 adult zebrafish. The results have demonstrated that the purposed model is capable of accurately indicating different EMF exposures. All classification accuracies can be 100%, and the classification precision of several classifiers based on specific parameters and feature sets with specific dimensions can reach higher than 95%. The speculative reason for this result is that the specified EMF has affected the zebrafish neural aspect, which is then reflected in their behaviors. The outcomes of this study have provided a new indication model for EMF exposures and provided a reference for the investigation of the impact of EMF exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1598432737000},"page":"4818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Indication of Electromagnetic Field Exposure via RBF-SVM Using Time-Series Features of Zebrafish Locomotion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2976-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Fung","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4636-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Yuen-Chong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Futian-CityU Mangrove Research &amp; Development Centre (FCMC), Futian National Nature Reserve, Mangrove Road, Shenzhen 518040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuk-Tak","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1998). 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