{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:49:29Z","timestamp":1789670969134,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/1\/16\/153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/1\/16\/153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable technologies provide many possibilities for applications in medicine, and especially in physiotherapy, where tracking and evaluation of body motion are of utmost importance. Despite the existence of multiple smart garments produced for applications in physiotherapy, there is limited information available on the actual impact of these technologies on the clinical outcomes. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the Double Aid (DAid) smart shirt, a purely textile-based system, on the training process of patients with subacromial pain syndrome. A randomized controlled trial was performed where patients with subacromial pain syndrome had to perform the assigned training exercises while employing the DAid smart shirt system. The core point of each exercise was to perform a movement while holding the shoulders stationary. The smart shirt was designed to sense even slight shoulder motion thus providing the patient with feedback on the accuracy of the motion, and allowing the patient to adjust the movement. The appropriate muscles should be strengthened through an increased effort to control the shoulder motion. The recovery of patients using the feedback system at the end of the treatment was compared to that of a reference group through standardized tests\u2014the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score (DASH score), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES test), and internal\/external rotation ratio. The test group that used the DAid system demonstrated significantly better results of the performed tests for all applied outcome measures compared to the reference group (p &lt; 0.001). An overall positive impact on the patient recovery was observed from the DAid smart shirt system when applied for rehabilitation training of patients with subacromial pain syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:24:09Z","timestamp":1600165449000},"page":"5277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Improving the Recovery of Patients with Subacromial Pain Syndrome with the DAid Smart Textile Shirt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Guna","family":"Semjonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis","family":"Vetra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Cauce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1046 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Oks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexei","family":"Katashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peteris","family":"Eizentals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker086","article-title":"Effectiveness of community- and workplace-based interventions to manage musculoskeletal-related sickness absence and job loss: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2883","article-title":"Prognostic factors for long-term sickness absence among employees with neck-shoulder and low-back pain","volume":"36","author":"Holtermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216663201","article-title":"Shoulder impingement syndrome: A systematic review of clinical trial participant selection criteria","volume":"9","author":"Watts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virta, L., Joranger, P., Brox, J.I., and Eriksson, R. (2012). Costs of shoulder pain and resource use in primary health care: A cost-of-illness study in Sweden. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-17"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken044","article-title":"Course and prognosis of shoulder symptoms in general practice","volume":"47","author":"Reilingh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740310004667","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Luime","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052183","article-title":"Rotator cuff tendinopathy\/subacromial impingement syndrome: Is it time for a new method of assessment?","volume":"43","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096515","article-title":"Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"51","author":"Steuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.920991","article-title":"Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of subacromial pain syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Diercks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S36646","article-title":"Optimal management of shoulder impingement syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Escamilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Comerford, M., and Mottram, S. (2012). Kinetic Control: The Management of Uncontrolled Movement, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.04.011","article-title":"Wearable healthcare: Lessons from the past and a peek into the future","volume":"34","author":"Casselman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2009.081003","article-title":"Physiotherapy at a distance: A controlled study of rehabilitation at home after a shoulder joint operation","volume":"15","author":"Eriksson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2003.1213625","article-title":"Enhancing the quality of life through wearable technology","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tong, R.K.-Y. (2018). Wearable Technology in Medicine and Health Care, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0229-y","article-title":"Interactive wearable systems for upper body rehabilitation: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-020-00420-x","article-title":"Smart shirt system for compensatory movement retraining assistance: Feasibility study","volume":"10","author":"Eizentals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47319-2_10","article-title":"Smart Clothes for Rehabilitation Context: Technical and Technological Issues","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Postolache","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors for Everyday Life. Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semjonova, G., Vetra, J., Oks, A., and Katashev, A. (2018, January 3\u20138). Development of a New Method to Monitor Shoulder Girdle Motion for Ballerina with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Based on DAid Smart Shirt Application. Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9038-7_111"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4893","article-title":"Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome Measure (DASH) and Its Shortened Version (QuickDASH)","volume":"44","author":"Franchignoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucci, H.T., Martins, J., de Carvalho Sposito, G., Camarini, P.M.F., and de Oliveira, A.S. (2014). Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES test): A reliability study in persons with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3755-9","article-title":"Eccentric and isometric shoulder rotator cuff strength testing using a hand-held dynamometer: Reference values for overhead athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cools","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"28","article-title":"Knitted Resistive Fabric: Properties and Applications","volume":"9","author":"Oks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Text. Cloth. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.048074","article-title":"Screening the athlete\u2019s shoulder for impingement symptoms: A clinical reasoning algorithm for early detection of shoulder pathology","volume":"42","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.05.015","article-title":"Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy of 5 Physical Examination Tests and Combination of Tests for Subacromial Impingement","volume":"90","author":"Michener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150224","article-title":"Understanding Mechanobiology: Physical Therapists as a Force in Mechanotherapy and Musculoskeletal Regenerative Rehabilitation","volume":"96","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058875","article-title":"Rehabilitation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff injuries: An evidence-based review","volume":"44","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980802662145","article-title":"Effects of strengthening and stretching exercises applied during working hours on pain and physical impairment in workers with subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Camargo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119900532","article-title":"Effects of Modified Posterior Shoulder Stretching Exercises on Shoulder Mobility, Pain, and Dysfunction in Patients with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Tahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200202000-00007","article-title":"The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Outcomes Instruments","volume":"84","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0139","article-title":"Brain Connectivity and Visual Attention","volume":"3","author":"Parks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Connect."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:17Z","timestamp":1760177417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}