{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:38:54Z","timestamp":1776530334422,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network-on-chip (NoC) architectures have become a popular communication platform for heterogeneous computing systems owing to their scalability and high performance. Aggressive technology scaling makes these architectures prone to both permanent and transient faults. This study focuses on the tolerance of a NoC router to permanent faults. A permanent fault in a NoC router severely impacts the performance of the entire network. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate component-level protection techniques in a router. In the proposed scheme, the input port utilizes a bypass path, virtual channel (VC) queuing, and VC closing strategies. Moreover, the routing computation stage utilizes spatial redundancy and double routing strategies, and the VC allocation stage utilizes spatial redundancy. The switch allocation stage utilizes run-time arbiter selection. The crossbar stage utilizes a triple bypass bus. The proposed router is highly fault-tolerant compared with the existing state-of-the-art fault-tolerant routers. The reliability of the proposed router is 7.98 times higher than that of the unprotected baseline router in terms of the mean-time-to-failure metric. The silicon protection factor metric is used to calculate the protection ability of the proposed router. Consequently, it is confirmed that the proposed router has a greater protection ability than the conventional fault-tolerant routers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1600424543000},"page":"5355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fault-Tolerant Network-On-Chip Router Architecture Design for Heterogeneous Computing Systems in the Context of Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed Khan","family":"Baloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Akmal","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahroon","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousaf Bin","family":"Zikria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heejung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zikria, Y.B., Afzal, M.K., and Kim, S.W. 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