{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1769101714171,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-58-18001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-58-18001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u041a\u041f-06-\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438\u044f\/20 28.09.2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041a\u041f-06-\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438\u044f\/20 28.09.2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper is devoted to the possibility of using magnetoelectric materials for the production of a crankshaft position sensor for automobiles. The composite structure, consisting of a PZT or LiNbO3 piezoelectric with a size of 20 mm \u00d7 5 mm \u00d7 0.5 mm, and plates of the magnetostrictive material Metglas of the appropriate size were used as a sensitive element. The layered structure was made from a bidomain lithium niobate monocrystal with a Y + 128\u00b0 cut and amorphous metal of Metglas. Various combinations of composite structures are also investigated; for example, asymmetric structures using a layer of copper and aluminum. The output characteristics of these structures are compared in the resonant and non-resonant modes. It is shown that the value of the magnetoelectric resonant voltage coefficient was 784 V\/(cm\u00b7Oe), and the low-frequency non-resonant magnetoelectric coefficient for the magnetoelectric element was about 3 V\/(cm\u00b7Oe). The principle of operation of the position sensor and the possibility of integration into automotive systems, using the CAN bus, are examined in detail. To obtain reliable experimental results, a special stand was assembled on the basis of the SKAD-1 installation. The studies showed good results and a high prospect for the use of magnetoelectric sensors as position sensors and, in particular, of a vehicle\u2019s crankshaft position sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T09:15:23Z","timestamp":1601025323000},"page":"5494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Magnetoelectric Automotive Crankshaft Position Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Petrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Systems, Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Leontiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Systems, Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Sokolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Systems, Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirza","family":"Bichurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Systems, Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slavcho","family":"Bozhkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Machinery and Construction Technologies in Transport, Todor Kableshkov University of Transport, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Milenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telecommunication and Electrical Equipment in Transport, Todor Kableshkov University of Transport, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Penko","family":"Bozhkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olimex Ltd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palneedi, H., Annapureddy, V., Priya, S., and Ryu, J. (2016). Status and perspectives of multiferroic magnetoelectric composite materials and applications. Actuators, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/act5010009"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2784959","article-title":"Magnetoelectric laminate composite based tachometer for harsh environment applications","volume":"91","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.12.021","article-title":"A new angular velocity sensor with ultrahigh resolution using magnetoelectric effect under the principle of Coriolis force","volume":"238","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.04.049","article-title":"An angle sensor based on magnetoelectric effect","volume":"262","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and Development of a Tachometer Using Magnetoelectric Composite as Magnetic Field Sensor","volume":"54","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280710723442","article-title":"Position and level sensing using Hall-effect sensing technology","volume":"27","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4923330","article-title":"Design of a novel integrated position sensor based on Hall effects for linear oscillating actuator","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1237","article-title":"Development of Sensors Based on Giant Magnetoresistance Material","volume":"32","author":"Djamala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28665","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128665","article-title":"Recent Developments of Magnetoresistive Sensors for Industrial Applications","volume":"15","author":"Jogschies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190214814","article-title":"Magnetoelectric Sensor of Magnetic Field","volume":"280","author":"Bichurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrov, R.V., Bichurin, M.I., Leontiev, V.S., Kolesnikov, N.A., Bozhkov, S.T., Stanev, L.G., Pacheliev, V.T., Milenov, I.K., and Bozhkov, P.T. (2016, January 25\u201328). The crankshaft position sensor based on magnetoelectric materials. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), Varna, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEPEMC.2016.7752105"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070909-104459","article-title":"Magnetoelectric composites","volume":"40","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Srinivasan, G., Priya, S., and Sun, N.X. (2015). Composite Magnetoelectrics, Woodhead Pulishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bichurin, M.I., Petrov, V.M., Petrov, R.V., and Tatarenko, A.S. (2019). Magnetoelectric Composites, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429488672"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Pavel, R., and Alois, T. (2007). Modern Sensors Handbook, ISTE Ltd."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504002","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/50\/504002","article-title":"Multifunctional magnetoelectric materials for device applications","volume":"27","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2836410","article-title":"Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions","volume":"103","author":"Nan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Srinivasan, G., Priya, S., and Sun, N.X. (2015). Magnetoelectric composites for medical application. Composite Magnetoelectrics, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262906","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5038014","article-title":"Magnetoelectric metglas\/bidomain y + 140\u00b0-cut lithium niobate composite for sensing fT magnetic fields","volume":"112","author":"Turutin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120455","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0455","article-title":"A review on equivalent magnetic noise of magnetoelectric laminate sensors","volume":"372","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"74","article-title":"Generating Management Program of the Test Bench SKAD-1 for Computer Control of Automotive Gasoline Injection Engine","volume":"4","author":"Bozhkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Motauto World"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:13:32Z","timestamp":1760177612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20195494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20195494","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}