{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1773762408801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seatbelt state monitoring is important in intercity buses for passenger safety. This paper discusses the issues and challenges in power-saving design of radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor networks in bus seatbelt monitoring. A new design approach is proposed in this work for low-power layout and parameter setting in RFID sensor nodes in hardware and software design. A one-to-many pairing registration method is suggested between the concentrator and the seat nodes. Unlike using extra computer software to write seat identification (ID) into an integrated circuit (IC) card, the node ID in this project can be stored into the concentrator directly, which can reduce intermediate operations and reduce development costs. The effectiveness of the proposed low-power design approach is verified by some experimental tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T07:23:22Z","timestamp":1602919402000},"page":"5882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Power-Saving Design of Radio Frequency Identification Sensor Networks in Bus Seatbelt Monitoring Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sitong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electronic Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electronic Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2807","article-title":"3D coverage scheme based on hibernation of redundant nodes and phased waking up strategy for wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kai, Y., Zhijun, X., Guang, J., and Jiangbo, Q. (2017, January 4\u20137). Design and implementation of low-power wireless sensor net-work node. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC), Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"26","article-title":"Design and optimization of the off mode of low power MCU","volume":"34","author":"Ziwei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microelectron. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06201-8","article-title":"A low-power CMOS transceiver in 130 nm for wireless sensor network applications","volume":"106","author":"Behrouj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2019.2940022","article-title":"Battery management technique to reduce standby energy consumption in ultra-low power IoT and sensory applications","volume":"67","author":"Radfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2574798","article-title":"Low-cost wake-up receiver for RF energy harvesting wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Kaushik","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2387314","article-title":"Has time come to switch from duty-cycled MAC protocols to wake-up radio for wireless sensor networks?","volume":"24","author":"Oller","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2728092","article-title":"Ultra low power wake-up radios: A hardware and networking survey","volume":"19","author":"Piyare","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"171","article-title":"Design of active RFID low-power tag based on DFM","volume":"2","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microelectron. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"73","article-title":"Design and implementation of low-power wireless sensor network nodes","volume":"36","author":"Zhuojin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Zhao, Y., and Cao, H. (2017, January 25\u201326). Energy saving algorithm of zigbee network based on whole network dormancy. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Mechanical, Electronic, Control and Automation Engineering (MECAE 2017), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/mecae-17.2017.74"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantization and energy optimization strategy of wireless sensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Jingxiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"20","article-title":"Design of a high-precision and low-power temperature acquisition system based on NB-IoT","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"17","article-title":"Electrical power flow of typical wireless sensor node based on energy harvesting approach","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"8","article-title":"Power measurements of wireless sensor networks node","volume":"1","author":"Shinghal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurenoks, A. (2015, January 13\u201314). Method for node lifetime assessment in wireless sensor network with dynamic coordinator. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 3rd Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE), At Riga, Latvia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIEEE.2015.7367302"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2017.015063","article-title":"Developing residential wireless sensor networks for ECG healthcare monitoring","volume":"63","author":"Dey","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2755378","article-title":"Everything you wanted to know about smart health care: Evaluating the different technologies and components of the internet of things for better health","volume":"7","author":"Sundaravadivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2019.2956627","article-title":"Ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency-identification baseband processor design for bio-signal acquisition and wireless transmission in healthcare system","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, F., Zhao, Z., Fang, Z., Chen, D., Chen, X., and Xuan, Y. (2013, January 29\u201330). Design and implementation of an ultra low power health monitoring node for wireless body sensor network. Proceedings of the 2013 Fourth International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation, Qingdao, Shandong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMA.2013.98"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v14i01.8058","article-title":"Application of wireless sensor network and RFID monitoring system in airport logistics","volume":"14","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"158","article-title":"Research on auto-test device of safety buckles in car","volume":"12","author":"Xiaojun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mach. Tool Hydraul."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cotter, W.D. (2010). Seat Belt Status External Monitoring Apparatus and Method. (U.S. Patent 7812716B1)."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"5","article-title":"Study on the effect of seat belt reminder for passenger cars in China","volume":"2","author":"Dexu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Beijing Automot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"78","article-title":"Design of automatic safety belt reminder system for large bus seats","volume":"46","author":"Yejian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"141","article-title":"Safety belt compulsory device based on speed limit","volume":"19","author":"Hui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Electr. Elem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2015.699.706","article-title":"Applying a hybrid polling approach by software implementation to extend the lifetime of a wireless sensor network","volume":"11","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2295303","article-title":"Dynamic node lifetime estimation for wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Rukpakavong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"72","article-title":"Research and simulation of sleeping schedule algorithm of wireless sensor networks","volume":"29","author":"Nan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. MinJiang Univ."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:23:13Z","timestamp":1760178193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]}}}