{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:23:38Z","timestamp":1790486618341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Affinity propagation (AP) clustering with low complexity and high performance is suitable for radio remote head (RRH) clustering for real-time joint transmission in the cloud radio access network. The existing AP algorithms for joint transmission have the limitation of high computational complexities owing to re-sweeping preferences (diagonal components of the similarity matrix) to determine the optimal number of clusters as system parameters such as network topology. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new approach in which preferences are fixed, where the threshold changes in response to the variations in system parameters. In AP clustering, each diagonal value of a final converged matrix is mapped to the position (x,y coordinates) of a corresponding RRH to form two-dimensional image. Furthermore, an environment-adaptive threshold value is determined by adopting Otsu\u2019s method, which uses the gray-scale histogram of the image to make a statistical decision. Additionally, a simple greedy merging algorithm is proposed to resolve the problem of inter-cluster interference owing to the adjacent RRHs selected as exemplars (cluster centers). For a realistic performance assessment, both grid and uniform network topologies are considered, including exterior interference and various transmitting power levels of an RRH. It is demonstrated that with similar normalized execution times, the proposed algorithm provides better spectral and energy efficiencies than those of the existing algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1610482291000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RRH Clustering Using Affinity Propagation Algorithm with Adaptive Thresholding and Greedy Merging in Cloud Radio Access Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seju","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Shin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Gwan","family":"Yook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IMT Vision (2015). 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