{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:59:19Z","timestamp":1791046759944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advances in sensor technology, big data, and artificial intelligence, unobtrusive in-home health monitoring has been a research focus for decades. Following up our research on smart vehicles, within the framework of unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces, this work attempts to provide a guide to current sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home monitoring by a literature review of the state of the art and to answer, in particular, the questions: (1) What types of sensors can be used for unobtrusive in-home health data acquisition? (2) Where should the sensors be placed? (3) What data can be monitored in a smart home? (4) How can the obtained data support the monitoring functions? We conducted a retrospective literature review and summarized the state-of-the-art research on leveraging sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home health monitoring. For structured analysis, we developed a four-category terminology (location, unobtrusive sensor, data, and monitoring functions). We acquired 912 unique articles from four relevant databases (ACM Digital Lib, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Scopus) and screened them for relevance, resulting in n=55 papers analyzed in a structured manner using the terminology. The results delivered 25 types of sensors (motion sensor, contact sensor, pressure sensor, electrical current sensor, etc.) that can be deployed within rooms, static facilities, or electric appliances in an ambient way. While behavioral data (e.g., presence (n=38), time spent on activities (n=18)) can be acquired effortlessly, physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate, respiratory rate) are measurable on a limited scale (n=5). Behavioral data contribute to functional monitoring. Emergency monitoring can be built up on behavioral and environmental data. Acquired physiological parameters allow reasonable monitoring of physiological functions to a limited extent. Environmental data and behavioral data also detect safety and security abnormalities. Social interaction monitoring relies mainly on direct monitoring of tools of communication (smartphone; computer). In summary, convincing proof of a clear effect of these monitoring functions on clinical outcome with a large sample size and long-term monitoring is still lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1611811385000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Unobtrusive Health Monitoring in Private Spaces: The Smart Home"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolai","family":"Spicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana M.","family":"Warnecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Haghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Schwartze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"},{"name":"Wohnungsentwicklung und Forschung, Nibelungen-Wohnbau-GmbH, Freyastr. 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Deserno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Muehlenpfordtstr. 23, D-38106 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deserno, T.M. (2020, January 17\u201319). Transforming smart vehicles and smart homes into private diagnostic spaces. Proceedings of the 2nd Asia Pacific Information Technology Conference (APIT 2020), Bali Island, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3379310.3379325"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713685","article-title":"Health-enabling technologies for telerehabilitation of the shoulder: A feasibility and user acceptance study","volume":"59","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"92","article-title":"Residence as a diagnostic and therapeutic area\u2014A smart home approach","volume":"238","author":"Mielke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"116","article-title":"Substitution of assisted living services by assistive technology\u2014Experts opinions and technical feasibility","volume":"238","author":"Schwartze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"6","article-title":"Aging with the Internet of Things","volume":"49","author":"Consel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bridge"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-014-0806-7","article-title":"A novel approach for discovering human behavior patterns using unsupervised methods","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Warnecke, J.M., Haghi, M., and Deserno, T.M. (2020). Unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces: The smart vehicle. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092442"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000366518","article-title":"A new paradigm of technology-enabled \u2018vital signs\u2019 for early detection of health change for older adults","volume":"61","author":"Rantz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.05.001","article-title":"Assessment of cognition in early dementia","volume":"7","author":"Silverberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3109\/17538157.2014.931852","article-title":"Multimodal activity monitoring for home rehabilitation of geriatric fracture patients\u2014Feasibility and acceptance of sensor systems in the GAL-NATARS study","volume":"39","author":"Marschollek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform. Health Soc. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, H., and Kim, H. (2019). A pilot study to test the feasibility of a home mobility monitoring system in community-dwelling older adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091512"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1638580","article-title":"Technologies for an aging society: A systematic review of \u201csmart home\u201d applications","volume":"17","author":"Demiris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Aghayi, E., Noferesti, M., Memarzadeh-Tehran, H., Mondal, T., Pang, Z., and Deen, M.J. (2017). Smart homes for elderly healthcare\u2014Recent advances and research challenges. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112496"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2016.04.007","article-title":"Smart homes and home health monitoring technologies for older adults: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cedillo, P., Sanchez, C., Campos, K., and Bermeo, A. (2018, January 4\u20136). A systematic literature review on devices and systems for Ambient Assisted Living: Solutions and trends from different user perspectives. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on eDemocracy eGovernment (ICEDEG), Ambato, Ecuador.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDEG.2018.8372367"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2012.2234129","article-title":"A survey on Ambient-Assisted Living tools for older adults","volume":"17","author":"Rashidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M.J., Postolache, O., and Cercas, F. (2020). Physiological and behavior monitoring systems for smart healthcare environments: A review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082186"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavropoulos, T.G., Papastergiou, A., Mpaltadoros, L., Nikolopoulos, S., and Kompatsiaris, I. (2020). IoT Wearable sensors and devices in elderly care: A literature Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102826"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., and Caplan, B. (2011). Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Springer. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1077.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1077"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw049","article-title":"Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care, and independence","volume":"31","author":"Mlinac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164105","article-title":"The Barthel ADL Index: A standard measure of physical disability?","volume":"10","author":"Wade","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. Disabil. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Peter, L. (2020, June 20). Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics. SNOCAP-HET. Available online: https:\/\/www.plri.de\/en\/forschung\/projekte\/snocap-het."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papamatthaiakis, G., Polyzos, G.C., and Xylomenos, G. (2010, January 9\u201312). Monitoring and modeling simple everyday activities of the elderly at home. Proceedings of the 2010 7th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2010.5421717"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e1zaro, J.P., Fides, A., Navarro, A., and Guill\u00e9n, S. (September, January 31). Ambient assisted nutritional advisor for elderly people living at home. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627945"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0407-1","article-title":"Integrated home monitoring and compliance optimization for patients with mechanical circulatory support devices","volume":"39","author":"Klack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i180","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbq095","article-title":"Intelligent systems for assessing aging changes: Home-based, unobtrusive, and continuous assessment of aging","volume":"66B","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaddam, A., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Gupta, G.S. (2011, January 10\u201312). Trial & experimentation of a smart home monitoring system for elderly. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2011.5944230"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-010-0043-x","article-title":"Smart homes for the elderly dementia sufferers: Identification and prediction of abnormal behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Lotfi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novak, M., Binas, M., and Jakab, F. (2012, January 21\u201322). Unobtrusive anomaly detection in presence of elderly in a smart-home environment. Proceedings of the 2012 ELEKTRO, Rajeck Teplice, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ELEKTRO.2012.6225617"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suryadevara, N.K., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Rayudu, R.K., and Huang, Y.M. (2012, January 13\u201316). Sensor data fusion to determine wellness of an elderly in intelligent home monitoring environment. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2012.6229645"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Survadevara, N.K., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Rayudu, R.K. (2012, January 18\u201321). Applying SARIMA time series to forecast sleeping activity for wellness model of elderly monitoring in smart home. Proceedings of the 2012 Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Kolkata, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2012.6461661"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2182341","article-title":"Wireless sensor network based home monitoring system for wellness determination of elderly","volume":"12","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2208757","article-title":"Posture recognition based on fuzzy logic for home monitoring of the elderly","volume":"16","author":"Brulin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2214786","article-title":"A posture recognition-based fall detection system for monitoring an elderly person in a smart home environment","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3414\/ME11-02-0042","article-title":"Early illness recognition using in-home monitoring sensors and multiple instance learning","volume":"51","author":"Mahnot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.018","article-title":"Sensor technology to support aging in place","volume":"14","author":"Rantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesii, R., Graziosi, F., Marchesani, S., Rinaldi, C., Santic, M., and Tarquini, F. (2013, January 1\u20134). Short range wireless solutions enabling ambient assisted living to support people affected by the down syndrome. Proceedings of the Eurocon 2013, Zagreb, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2013.6625006"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suryadevara, N.K., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Wang, R., Rayudu, R.K., and Huang, Y.M. (2013, January 6\u20139). Reliable measurement of wireless sensor network data for forecasting wellness of elderly at smart home. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555372"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-130233","article-title":"Towards a monitoring smart home for the elderly: One experience in retrofitting a sensor network into an existing home","volume":"5","author":"Moretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.08.004","article-title":"Forecasting the behavior of an elderly using wireless sensors data in a smart home","volume":"26","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldib, M., Bo, N.B., Deboeverie, F., Xie, X., Philips, W., and Aghajan, H. (2014, January 4\u20137). Behavior analysis for aging-in-place using similarity heatmaps. Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC \u201914), Venezia Mestre, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2659021.2659038"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514539724","article-title":"An Ambient Assisted Living approach in designing domiciliary services combined with innovative technologies for patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Cavallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osamu, T., Ryu, T., Hayashida, A., Moshnyaga, V., Sakamoto, D., Imai, Y., and Shibata, T. (2014, January 1\u20134). A smart system for home monitoring of people with cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference\u2014(IHTC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IHTC.2014.7147550"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-014-0810-3","article-title":"Sensor-based observations of daily living for aging in place","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, L., Doyle, J., Smith, E., Inomata, A., and Bond, R. (2015, January 25\u201329). Continuous real-world gait monitoring in community-based older adults. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319201"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakostas, A., Lazarou, I., Meditskos, G., Stavropoulos, T.G., Kompatsiaris, I., and Tsolaki, M. (2015, January 19\u201320). Sensor-based in-home monitoring of people with dementia using remote web technologies. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCTL.2015.7359618"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeledo, M.C., Bruschetti, F., Aguilera, G., Iriso, P., Marsicano, M., and Lacapmesure, A. (December, January 30). Remote monitoring of elderly or partially disabled people living in their homes through the measurement of environmental variables. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Inform\u00e1tica y Desarrollos de Investigaci\u00f3n (CACIDI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/CACIDI.2016.7785993"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nienhold, D., Dornberger, R., and Korkut, S. (2016, January 4\u20137). Sensor-based tracking and big data processing of patient activities in ambient assisted living. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2016.87"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2016.2579638","article-title":"A smart-home system to unobtrusively and continuously assess loneliness in older adults","volume":"4","author":"Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radziszewski, R., Ngankam, H., Pigot, H., Gr\u00e9goire, V., Lorrain, D., and Giroux, S. (2016, January 28\u201330). An Ambient Assisted Living nighttime wandering system for elderly. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-Based Applications and Services (iiWAS \u201916), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3011141.3011171"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X15618810","article-title":"Home monitoring of heart failure patients at risk for hospital readmission using a novel under-the-mattress piezoelectric sensor: A preliminary single centre experience","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2017.04.007","article-title":"Perceptions of seniors with heart failure regarding autonomous zero-effort monitoring of physiological parameters in the smart-home environment","volume":"46","author":"Grace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y., Nishida, Y., Kitamura, K., and Mizoguchi, H. (2017, January 5\u20137). Handrail IoT sensor for precision healthcare of elderly people in smart homes. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRIS.2017.8250149"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2512273","article-title":"Unobtrusive detection of mild cognitive impairment in older adults through home monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Akl","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Kong, W., Kasai, R., Gu, Z., Shiguematsu, Y.M., Cosentino, S., Sessa, S., and Takanishi, A. (2017, January 5\u20138). Development of a low-cost smart home system using wireless environmental monitoring sensors for functionally independent elderly people. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2017.8324410"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.5773","article-title":"Understanding smart home sensor data for ageing in place through everyday household routines: A mixed method case study","volume":"5","author":"Bradford","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2016.07.004","article-title":"Unsupervised illness recognition via in-home monitoring by depth cameras","volume":"38","author":"Vildjiounaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.08.302","article-title":"Smart home assistant for Ambient Assisted Living of elderly people with dementia","volume":"113","author":"Demir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2018.03.009","article-title":"Automatic assessment of functional health decline in older adults based on smart home data","volume":"81","author":"Aramendi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, M., Najjar, M.E.B.E., Diab, A., Khalil, M., and Charpillet, F. (2018, January 25\u201326). Multi-sensory assistive living system for elderly in-home staying. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), Beirut, Lebanon.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMAPP.2018.8460345"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghayvat, H., Mukhopadhyay, S., Shenjie, B., Chouhan, A., and Chen, W. (2018, January 14\u201317). Smart home based ambient assisted living: Recognition of anomaly in the activity of daily living for an elderly living alone. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2018.8409885"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casagrande, F.D., Torresen, J., and Zouganeli, E. (2018, January 25\u201327). Sensor event prediction using recurrent neural network in smart homes for older adults. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS), Funchal\u2013Madeira, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IS.2018.8710467"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2798062","article-title":"Smart home-based prediction of multidomain symptoms related to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Alberdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., and Ghose, A. (2018, January 19\u201323). Unobtrusive and pervasive monitoring of geriatric subjects for early screening of mild cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2018.8480148"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2018.1485619","article-title":"Designing an Internet-of-things (IoT) and sensor-based in-home monitoring system for assisting diabetes patients: Iterative learning from two case studies","volume":"27","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-180505","article-title":"Towards context-aware assistive applications for aging in place via real-life-proof activity detection","volume":"10","author":"Caroux","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Paudel, R., Dunn, K., Eberle, W., and Chaung, D. (2018, January 21\u201323). Cognitive Health Prediction on the Elderly Using Sensor Data in Smart Homes. Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (FLAIRS 2018), Melbourne, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"628","article-title":"Home monitoring to track activity and sleep patterns among older adults","volume":"37","author":"Lach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Inform. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, B., Muralidharan, S., Lee, C., Lee, J., and Ko, H. (2019, January 1\u20133). KLog-Home: A holistic approach of in-situ monitoring in elderly-care home. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE\/EUC.2019.00080"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Yang, C., He, Z., Imran, M.A., and Ahmad, W. (2019, January 5\u20138). Health activities monitoring and warning system for geriatric daily living in extra care homes. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech.2019.00079"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, G., Kim, K., Park, S.K., and Kim, D.H. (2019, January 24\u201327). A monitoring system to support home health care for the elderly with dementia by detecting going out activities based on RGB-D sensors. Proceedings of the 2019 16th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/URAI.2019.8768598"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180652","article-title":"Smart home technology: A new approach for performance measurements of activities of daily living and prediction of mild cognitive impairment in older adults","volume":"68","author":"Lussier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susnea, I., Dumitriu, L., Talmaciu, M., Pecheanu, E., and Munteanu, D. (2019). Unobtrusive monitoring the daily activity routine of elderly people living alone, with low-cost binary sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102264"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botros, A., Sch\u00fctz, N., Camenzind, M., Urwyler, P., Bolliger, D., Vanbellingen, T., Kistler, R., Bohlhalter, S., M\u00fcri, R.M., and Mosimann, U.P. (2019). Long-term home-monitoring sensor technology in patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014Acceptance and adherence. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235169"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190423","article-title":"Long-term impact of intelligent monitoring technology on people with cognitive impairment: An observational study","volume":"70","author":"Lazarou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1541103","article-title":"The feasibility and acceptability of smart home technology using the howz system for people with stroke","volume":"15","author":"Rogerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Liu, D., Meng, L., Qiu, X., Feng, H., Ghayvat, H., and Chen, W. (2019, January 20\u201322). Intelligent home design for elderly health monitoring and rating based wireless passive sensor network. Proceedings of the BIBE 2019\u2014The Third International Conference on Biological Information and Biomedical Engineering, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Allaire, J.J., Ellis, P., Gandrud, C., Kuo, K., Lewis, B.W., Owen, J., Russell, K., Rogers, J., Sese, C., and Yetman, C.J. (2020, October 07). NetworkD3: D3 JavaScript Network Graphs from R. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/networkD3\/."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Cook, D.J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, E.O., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., and Khawaja, F. (2003, January 26). MavHome: An agent-based smart home. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003 (PerCom 2003), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.328","article-title":"CASAS: A smart home in a box","volume":"46","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferscha, A., and Mattern, F. (2004). Activity recognition in the home using simple and ubiquitous sensors. Pervasive Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b96922"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000425760.74321.97","article-title":"TigerPlace: An innovative \u2018aging in place\u2019 community","volume":"113","author":"Fergenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Mouser Electronics (2020, October 10). Panasonic Industrial Devices PIR IR MOTION Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/www.mouser.de\/new\/panasonic-industrial-devices\/panasonic-pir-motion-sensors\/."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Li, W., Gravina, R., and Fortino, G. (2016, January 4\u20136). Activity recognition and monitoring for smart wheelchair users. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 20th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), Nanchang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2016.7566068"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sesar, I., Zubizarreta, A., Cabanes, I., Portillo, E., Torres-Unda, J., and Rodriguez-Larrad, A. (2019). Instrumented crutch tip for monitoring force and crutch pitch angle. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132944"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffin Gracewell, J., and Pavalarajan, S. (2019). Fall detection based on posture classification for smart home environment. J. Ambient. Intell. Human Comput.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01600-y"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab840a","article-title":"Feasible assessment of recovery and cardiovascular health: Accuracy of nocturnal HR and HRV assessed via ring PPG in comparison to medical grade ECG","volume":"41","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.15265\/IYS-2016-s008","article-title":"Health-enabling and ambient assistive technologies: Past, present, future","volume":"25","author":"Haux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"19","article-title":"Leveraging aging in place through sensor-enhanced in-home monitoring","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrom, H., Schwartze, J., and Diekmann, S. (2017, January 14\u201317). Building automation by an intelligent embedded infrastructure: Combining medical, smart energy, smart environment and heating. Proceedings of the 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Wuxi, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2017.8090802"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"476","article-title":"Facilitating inter-domain synergies in Ambient Assisted Living environments","volume":"228","author":"Schwartze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Center for Advanced Studies in Adaptive Systems (2020, October 15). WSU CASAS Datasets. Available online: http:\/\/casas.wsu.edu\/datasets\/."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"31","article-title":"Digital phealth\u2014Problems and solutions for ethics, trust and privacy","volume":"261","author":"Ruotsalainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abowd, G.D., Brumitt, B., and Shafer, S. (2001). Privacy by design\u2014Principles of privacy-aware ubiquitous systems. Ubicomp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45427-6"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Draude, C., Lange, M., and Sick, B. (2019). Methoden der ethischen Evaluation von IT. INFORMATIK 2019: 50 Jahre Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik\u2014Informatik f\u00fcr Gesellschaft (Workshop-Beitr\u00e4ge), Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:16:33Z","timestamp":1760159793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}