{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:38:43Z","timestamp":1767915523326,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German research foundation (DFG).","award":["DO1247\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1247\/9-1"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["I 3806-B28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 3806-B28"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The voice producing process is a complex interplay between glottal pressure, vocal folds, their elasticity and tension. The material properties of vocal folds are still insufficiently studied, because the determination of material properties in soft tissues is often difficult and connected to extensive experimental setups. To shed light on this less researched area, in this work, a dynamic pipette aspiration technique is utilized to measure the elasticity in a frequency range of 100\u20131000 Hz. The complex elasticity could be assessed with the phase shift between exciting pressure and tissue movement. The dynamic pipette aspiration setup has been miniaturized with regard to a future in-vivo application. The techniques were applied on 3 different porcine larynges 4 h and 1 d postmortem, in order to investigate the deterioration of the tissue over time and analyze correlation in elasticity values between vocal fold pairs. It was found that vocal fold pairs do have different absolute elasticity values but similar trends. This leads to the assumption that those trends are more important for phonation than having same absolute values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"2923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dynamic Biomechanical Analysis of Vocal Folds Using Pipette Aspiration Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Scheible","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Lamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6753-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Semmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen Medical School, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sutor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramig, L.O., and Verdolini, K. (1998). Treatment Efficacy. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 41.","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4101.s101"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.03.001","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization of Vocal Fold Tissue: A Review Study","volume":"28","author":"Miri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000408","article-title":"Benign vocal fold lesions","volume":"25","author":"Naunheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2008.0588","article-title":"Tissue Engineering Therapies for the Vocal Fold Lamina Propria","volume":"15","author":"Kutty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-005-1034-y","article-title":"In vivo measurement of the elastic properties of the human vocal fold","volume":"263","author":"Goodyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2009.09.002","article-title":"Vocal fold elasticity in the pig, sheep, and cow larynges","volume":"25","author":"Alipour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice Off. J. Voice Found."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000091734","article-title":"Measurements of vocal fold elasticity using the linear skin rheometer","volume":"58","author":"Hess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop. Off. Organ Int. Assoc. Logop. Phoniatr. (IALP)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2007.01.002","article-title":"Viscoelastic measurements of vocal folds using the linear skin rheometer","volume":"23","author":"Dailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Voice Off. J. Voice Found."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949310200803","article-title":"Measurement of Young\u2019s modulus in the in vivo human vocal folds","volume":"102","author":"Tran","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"137","article-title":"Pipette aspiration applied to the characterization of nonhomogeneous, transversely isotropic materials used for vocalfold modeling","volume":"102","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2203449","article-title":"Determination of Dynamic Material Properties of Silicone Rubber Using One-Point Measurements and Finite Element Simulations","volume":"61","author":"Ilg","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918938","article-title":"Measurement and Analysis of the Material Properties and Oscillation Characteristics of Synthetic Vocal Folds","volume":"102","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maghzinajafabadi, M., Lamprecht, R., Semmler, M., and Sutor, A. (2019). Acoustic Pressure Pipette Aspiration Method Combined with Finite Element Analysis for Isotropic Materials. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183875"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1122\/1.4996320","article-title":"Nonlinear viscoelastic characterization of human vocal fold tissues under large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)","volume":"62","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argatov, I., and Mishuris, G. (2018). Indentation Testing of Biological Materials, Springer. Advanced Structured Materials.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78533-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giesekus, H. (1994). Ph\u00e4nomenologische Rheologie: Eine Einf\u00fchrung, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57953-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02684197","article-title":"The pipette aspiration applied to the local stiffness measurement of soft tissues","volume":"25","author":"Aoki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ilg, J., Sutor, A., Wei\u00df, S., and Lerch, R. (2011, January 25\u201327). Measurement of the elasticity Modulus of Artificial and Real Vocal Folds Using Pipette Aspiration. Proceedings of the Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications: 7th International Workshop, Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Brommundt, E., and Sachau, D. (2008). Schwingungslehre mit Maschinendynamik: Mit 286 Aufgaben, B.G. Teubner Verlag\/GWV Fachverlage GmbH Wiesbaden."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060307","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799540","article-title":"Development of a small film sensor for the estimation of the contact pressure of artificial vocal folds","volume":"19","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Mtgs. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1831158","article-title":"Improving FFT Frequency Measurement Resolution by Parabolic and Gaussian Spectrum Interpolation","volume":"732","author":"Gasior","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aip Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510400711","article-title":"Stress-strain response of the human vocal ligament","volume":"104","author":"Min","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Mathworks (2021, April 09). Matlab Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/de.mathworks.com\/help\/matlab\/ref\/corrcoef.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381230","article-title":"On the mechanics of vocal-fold vibration","volume":"60","author":"Titze","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000263771","article-title":"Morphological structure of the vocal cord as a vibrator and its variations","volume":"26","author":"Hirano","year":"1974","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hirano, M., Kakita, Y., Ohmaru, K., and Kurita, S. (1982). Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Vocal Fold, Elsevier. Speech and Language."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109956","article-title":"Mechanics of human vocal folds layers during finite strains in tension, compression and shear","volume":"110","author":"Cochereau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.124936","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of hydration in vocal fold tissues","volume":"126","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg. Off. J. Am. Acad. Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/2923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:55Z","timestamp":1760161855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/2923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21092923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21092923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}