{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1763831222514,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INOVA- Fiocruz","award":["Vppcb-007-Fio-18-2-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vppcb-007-Fio-18-2-53"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis A (HA) is an acute human infectious disease caused by a positive single-stranded RNA virus (HAV). It is mainly acquired through the fecal\u2013oral route and is primarily spread by contact between people and exposure to contaminated water and food. Recently, large outbreaks of HA have been reported by low and moderate endemicity countries, emphasizing its importance in public health and the need for rapid and large-scale diagnostic tests to support public health decisions on HA. This work proposes a new tool for HAV diagnosis based on the association of surface plasmonic resonance with major capsid protein VP1 (SPR-HAVP1 assay), detecting IgM antibodies for HAV in human serum samples. Structural analyses of VP1 B-lymphocyte epitopes showed continuous and discontinuous epitopes. The discontinuous epitopes were identified in the N-terminal region of the VP1 protein. Both epitope types in the VP1 protein were shown by the reactivity of VP1 in native and denaturing conditions to IgM anti-HAV, which was favorable to tests of VP1 in the SPR assays. SPR-HAVP1 assays showed good performance in the detection of IgM polyclonal antibody anti-HAV. These assays were performed using a COOH5 sensor chip functionalized with VP1 protein. The sensorgram record showed a significant difference between positive and negative serum samples, which was confirmed by analysis of variation of initial and final dissociation values through time (\u0394RUd\/t). The data gathered here are unequivocal evidence that the SPR-HAVP1 strategy can be applied to detect IgM antibodies in human serum positive to the HAV. This is a new tool to be explored to diagnose human HAV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"3167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detection of Antibodies against Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) by a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor: A New Diagnosis Tool Based on the Major HAV Capsid Protein VP1 (SPR-HAVP1)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Gabriel Menezes Costa dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Alves","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciane Almeida","family":"Amado Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin","family":"Souza-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade (CDTS), Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as de Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Negligenciadas (INCT\/IDPN), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Igua\u00e7u, Avenida Ab\u00edlio Augusto T\u00e1vora, 2134, Dom Rodrigo, Nova Igua\u00e7u CEP 26260-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.2.491-498.1987","article-title":"Neutralization escape mutants define a dominant immunogenic neutralization site on hepatitis A virus","volume":"61","author":"Stapleton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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