{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T20:06:48Z","timestamp":1782504408003,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004956","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["846932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["846932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["860474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of electrical functionality into flexible textile structures requires the development of new concepts for flexible conductive material. Conductive and flexible thin films can be generated on non-conductive textile materials by electroless metal deposition. By electroless copper deposition on lyocell-type cellulose fabrics, thin conductive layers with a thickness of approximately 260 nm were prepared. The total copper content of a textile fabric was analyzed to be 147 mg per g of fabric, so that the textile character of the material remains unchanged, which includes, for example, the flexibility and bendability. The flexible material could be used to manufacture a thermoelectric sensor array and generator. This approach enables the formation of a sensor textile with a large number of individual sensors and, at the same time, a reduction in the number of electrical connections, since the conductive textile serves as a common conductive line for all sensors. In combination with aluminum, thermoelectric coefficients of 3\u20134 \u00b5V\/K were obtained, which are comparable with copper\/aluminum foil and bulk material. Thermoelectric generators, consisting of six junctions using the same material combinations, led to electric output voltages of 0.4 mV for both setups at a temperature difference of 71 K. The results demonstrate the potential of electroless deposition for the production of thin-film-coated flexible textiles, and represent a key technology to achieve the direct integration of electrical sensors and conductors in non-conductive material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"3742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Multi-Point Flexible Temperature Sensor Array and Thermoelectric Generator Made from Copper-Coated Textiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus","family":"Landsiedel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleri","family":"Root","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Aguil\u00f3-Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Duelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachhochschule Vorarlberg, CAMPUS V, Hoechsterstrasse 1, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Bechtold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tung","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeby, S.P., Cao, Z., and Almussallam, A. (2013). Kinetic, Thermoelectric and Solar Energy Harvesting Technologies for Smart Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093530.2.306"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112282","article-title":"Flexible temperature sensors: A review","volume":"315","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.003","article-title":"Research progress on polymer-inorganic thermoelectric nanocomposite materials","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1163\/156855499X00198","article-title":"Carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite interfaces as thermocouple junctions","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dias, T. (2015). Electronic Textiles\u2014Smart Fabrics and Wearable Technology, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200644","article-title":"An extremely simple thermocouple made of a single layer of metal","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083709","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3653824","article-title":"Unexpected size effect in the thermopower of thin-film stripes","volume":"110","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2017.01.001","article-title":"Thermoelectric power generation using nonwoven fabric module impregnated with conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS","volume":"225","author":"Kirihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00192D","article-title":"Chemical formation of soft metal electrodes for flexible and wearable electronics","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(02)00101-5","article-title":"The contemporary European copper cycle: The characterization of technological copper cycles","volume":"42","author":"Graedel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.05.033","article-title":"Conductive layers through electroless deposition of copper on woven cellulose lyocell fabrics","volume":"348","author":"Root","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1116\/1.576265","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of thin films: Measurements and understanding","volume":"7","author":"Cahill","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vac. Surf. Film."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8205","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510231112","article-title":"Relationship between thermoelectric figure of merit and energy conversion efficiency","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N3001","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0011703jss","article-title":"Processing and assessment of silver and copper wires for thermoelectric effect","volume":"6","author":"Kharote","year":"2017","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(74)90033-9","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of copper films","volume":"20","author":"Nath","year":"1974","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"84","article-title":"Initial research into the structure and working conditions of textile thermocouples","volume":"77","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Seeberg, T.M., Royset, A., Jahren, S., and Strisland, F. (September, January 30). Printed organic conductive polymers thermocouples in textile and smart clothing applications. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Textile yarn thermocouples for use in fabrics","volume":"14","author":"Hardianto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fiber. Fabr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardianto, H., De Mey, G., Malengier, B., Hertleer, C., and Langenhove, V. (2019, January 11\u201315). Characterization of carbon-nickel thermocouples integrated in textile fabrics. Proceedings of the 19th World Textile Conference on Textiles at the Crossroads, Ghent, Belgium.","DOI":"10.21825\/autex.63832"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tunable colors and conductivity by electroless growth of Cu\/Cu2O particles on sol-gel modified cellulose","volume":"12","author":"Landsiedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06601","article-title":"Microfibre-nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging","volume":"451","author":"Qin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Pulse oximeter fully powered by human body heat","volume":"80","author":"Torfs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"785380","article-title":"Human machine and thermoelectric energy scavenging for wearable devices","volume":"2011","author":"Leonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228836","article-title":"A polymer-based textile thermoelectric generator for wearable energy harvesting","volume":"480","author":"Lund","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.04.054","article-title":"Coin-size coiled-up polymer foil thermoelectric power generator for wearable electronics","volume":"132","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509352520","article-title":"A photovoltaic fiber design for smart textiles","volume":"80","author":"Bedeloglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3742\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:32Z","timestamp":1760162972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/11\/3742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s21113742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21113742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]}}}