{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:24:27Z","timestamp":1787901867879,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIN2016-75982-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2016-75982-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIN2016-80939-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2016-80939-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006302","name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCG20\/IA-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCG20\/IA-043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surveillance cameras are being installed in many primary daily living places to maintain public safety. In this video-surveillance context, anomalies occur only for a very short time, and very occasionally. Hence, manual monitoring of such anomalies may be exhaustive and monotonous, resulting in a decrease in reliability and speed in emergency situations due to monitor tiredness. Within this framework, the importance of automatic detection of anomalies is clear, and, therefore, an important amount of research works have been made lately in this topic. According to these earlier studies, supervised approaches perform better than unsupervised ones. However, supervised approaches demand manual annotation, making dependent the system reliability of the different situations used in the training (something difficult to set in anomaly context). In this work, it is proposed an approach for anomaly detection in video-surveillance scenes based on a weakly supervised learning algorithm. Spatio-temporal features are extracted from each surveillance video using a temporal convolutional 3D neural network (T-C3D). Then, a novel ranking loss function increases the distance between the classification scores of anomalous and normal videos, reducing the number of false negatives. The proposal has been evaluated and compared against state-of-art approaches, obtaining competitive performance without fine-tuning, which also validates its generalization capability. In this paper, the proposal design and reliability is presented and analyzed, as well as the aforementioned quantitative and qualitative evaluation in-the-wild scenarios, demonstrating its high sensitivity in anomaly detection in all of them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21123993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"3993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Video-Surveillance Scenes in the Wild"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9589-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ibrahim","family":"Sarker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Politechnics School, Campus Universitario S\/N, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Losada-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Politechnics School, Campus Universitario S\/N, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7723-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marr\u00f3n-Romera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Politechnics School, Campus Universitario S\/N, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fuentes-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Politechnics School, Campus Universitario S\/N, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Luengo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Politechnics School, Campus Universitario S\/N, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2016.01.006","article-title":"Violence detection using oriented violent flows","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Image Vis. 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