{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:20:13Z","timestamp":1789518013078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EAST LONDON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONE","award":["2018-EOI-STP-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-EOI-STP-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing a responsive pavement-management infrastructure system is of paramount importance, accentuated by the quest for sustainability through adoption of the Road Traffic Management System. Technological advances have been witnessed in developed countries concerning the development of smart, sustainable transportation infrastructure. However, the same cannot be said of developing countries. In this study, the development of a pavement management system at network level was examined to contribute towards a framework for evaluating a Pavement Quality Index and service life capacity. Environmental surface response models in the form of temperature and moisture variations within the pavement were applied, using sensor devices connected to a data cloud system to carry out mathematical analysis using a distinctive mesh analysis deformation model. The results indicated variation in the Resilient Modulus of the pavement, with increasing moisture content. Increase in moisture propagation increased saturation of the unbound granular base which reduced the elastic modulus of the sub-base and base layer and reduced the strength of the pavement, resulting in bottom-up cracks and cracking failure. The horizontal deformation reduced, indicating that the material was experiencing work hardening and further stress would not result in significant damage. Increasing temperature gradient resulted in reduced stiffness of the asphalt layer. In tropical regions, this can result in rutting failure which, over time, results in top-down cracks and potholes, coupled with increasing moisture content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"4231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pavement Quality Index Rating Strategy Using Fracture Energy Analysis for Implementing Smart Road Infrastructure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Abejide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering Technology, Ibika Campus, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape 4960, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-5861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M. H.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Transportation Research Group (STRg), Civil Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Howard College Campus, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, KwaZulu-Natal 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillip","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Transportation Research Group (STRg), Civil Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Howard College Campus, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, KwaZulu-Natal 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bankole","family":"Awuzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Smart Cities, Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Willows, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujib","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Technology, Birmingham, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth: Prospects and Perspective","volume":"2","author":"Srinivasu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JBM SSR"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fortes, S.I.A. 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