{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:22:28Z","timestamp":1760235748870,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["858060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["858060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The preparation of bone for the insertion of an osseointegrated transfemoral implant and the insertion process are performed at very low speeds in order to avoid thermal damages to bone tissue which may potentially jeopardize implant stability. The aim of this study was to quantify the temperature increase in the femur at different sites and insertion depths, relative to the final implant position during the stepwise implantation procedure. Methods: The procedure for installation of the osseointegrated implant was performed on 24 femoral specimens. In one specimen of each pair, the surgery was performed at the clinically practiced speed, while the speed was doubled in the contralateral specimen. Six 0.075 mm K fine gauge thermocouples (RS Components, Sorby, UK) were inserted into the specimen at a distance of 0.5 mm from the final implant surface, and six were inserted at a distance of 1.0 mm. Results: Drilling caused a temperature increase of &lt;2.5 \u00b0C and was not statistically significantly different for most drill sizes (0.002 &lt; p &lt; 0.845). The mean increase in temperature during thread tapping and implant insertion was &lt;5.0 \u00b0C, whereas the speed had an effect on the temperature increase during thread tapping. Conclusions: Drilling is the most time-consuming part of the surgery. Doubling the clinically practiced speed did not generate more heat during this step, suggesting the speed and thus the time- and cost-effectiveness of the procedure could be increased. The frequent withdrawal of the instruments and removal of the bone chips is beneficial to prevent temperature peaks, especially during thread tapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"6267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Thermal Effects during Bone Preparation and Insertion of Osseointegrated Transfemoral Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emir","family":"Benca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Zalaudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5194-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Hirtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Synek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz M.","family":"Kainberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard","family":"Windhager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickard","family":"Br\u00e5nemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Gothenburg University, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Biomechatronics Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard M.","family":"Hobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000094","article-title":"Transfemoral prosthesis suspension systems: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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