{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:22:33Z","timestamp":1789233753069,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000240","name":"New Brunswick Innovation Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RAI 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAI 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous research identifies that pushing and pulling is responsible for approximately 9\u201318% of all low back injuries. Additionally, the handle design of a cart being pushed can dramatically alter a worker\u2019s capacity to push (\u22459.5%). Surprisingly little research has examined muscle activation of the low back and its role in muscle function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of handle design combination of pushing a platform truck cart on trunk muscle activity. Twenty participants (10 males and 10 females, mean age = 24.3 \u00b1 4.3 years) pushed 475 lbs using six different handle combinations involving handle orientation (vertical\/horizontal\/semi-pronated) and handle height (hip\/shoulder). Multichannel high-density EMG (HDsEMG) was recorded for left and right rectus abdominis, erector spinae, and external obliques. Pushing at hip height with a horizontal handle orientation design (HH) resulted in significantly less (p &lt; 0.05) muscle activity compared to the majority of other handle designs, as well as a significantly higher entropy than the shoulder handle height involving either the semi-pronated (p = 0.023) or vertical handle orientation (p = 0.028). The current research suggests that the combination of a hip height and horizontal orientation handle design may require increased muscle demand of the trunk and alter the overall muscle heterogeneity and pattern of the muscle activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"6646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alteration in HDEMG Spatial Parameters of Trunk Muscle Due to Handle Design during Pushing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Toner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Rickards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Kuruganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Labor (2020, March 30). 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