{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1780107212173,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we report the fabrication and characterization of a portable transdermal alcohol sensing device via a human finger, using tin dioxide (SnO2) chemoresistive gas sensors. Compared to conventional detectors, this non-invasive technique allowed us the continuous monitoring of alcohol with low cost and simple fabrication process. The sensing layers used in this work were fabricated by using the reactive radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique. Their structure and morphology were investigated by means of X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results indicated that the annealing time has an important impact on the sensor sensitivity. Before performing the transdermal measurements, the sensors were exposed to a wide range of ethanol concentrations and the results displayed good responses with high sensitivity, stability, and a rapid detection time. Moreover, against high relative humidity (50% and 70%), the sensors remained resistant by showing a slight change in their gas sensing performances. A volunteer (an adult researcher from our volunteer group) drank 50 mL of tequila in order to realize the transdermal alcohol monitoring. Fifteen minutes later, the volunteer\u2019s skin started to evacuate alcohol and the sensor resistance began to decline. Simultaneously, breath alcohol measurements were attained using a DRAGER 6820 certified breathalyzer. The results demonstrated a clear correlation between the alcohol concentration in the blood, breath, and via perspiration, which validated the embedded transdermal alcohol device reported in this work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1634513115000},"page":"6852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Embedded Transdermal Alcohol Detection via a Finger Using SnO2 Gas Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Ezahra","family":"Annanouch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electronica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1547-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Fiorido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalifa","family":"Aguir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bendahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Universit\u00e9 de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70577-0","article-title":"Alcohol and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Boffetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060647","article-title":"Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence","volume":"64","author":"Cargiulo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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