{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1777903105241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Smart Tree, Reusing UMA Waste, part of the \"I Plan Propio de Smart-Campus'' program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Smart Tree, Reusing UMA Waste, part of the \"I Plan Propio de Smart-Campus'' program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["``I Plan Propio de Investigaci\u00f3n, Transferencia y Divulgaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga - Ayudas para publicaciones en acceso abierto'"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["``I Plan Propio de Investigaci\u00f3n, Transferencia y Divulgaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga - Ayudas para publicaciones en acceso abierto'"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, climate change, pollution, and uncontrolled urbanism threaten not only natural ecosystems, but also the urban environment. Approaches to mitigate these challenges and able to provide an alternative for the use of the space are deemed to be multidisciplinary, combining architecture, vegetation integration, circular economy and information and communications technologies (ICT). University campuses are a key scenario to evaluate such solutions as their student and research community is intrinsically willing to support these experiences and provide a wide knowledge on the fields necessary for their design and implementation. However, the creation of areas combining usability and sustainability is commonly lacking a multidisciplinary approach combining all these different perspectives. Hence, the present work aims to overcome this limitation by the development of a novel integrated approach for campus spaces for co-working and leisure, namely a \u201cSmart Tree\u201d, where novel architecture, furniture design, flora integration, environmental sensoring and communications join together. To this end, a survey of the literature is provided, covering related approaches as well as general principles behind them. From this, the general requirements and constraints for the development of the Smart Tree area are identified, establishing the main interactions between the architecture, greening and ICT perspectives. Such requirements guide the proposed system design and implementation, whose impact on the environment is analyzed. Finally, the research challenges and lessons learned for their development are identified in order to support future works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Smart Tree: An Architectural, Greening and ICT Multidisciplinary Approach to Smart Campus Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5857-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Fortes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (TELMA), Universidad de M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH E.T.S. Ingenier\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Hidalgo-Triana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology (Botany Area), Faculty of Science, University of M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-la-Chica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Arte y Arquitectura, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH, Plaza del Ejido s\/n, 29013 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Luz","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica, Dise\u00f1o y Proyectos, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH, C\/Doctor Ortiz Ramos s\/n, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9337-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Cantizani-Estepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (TELMA), Universidad de M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH E.T.S. 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